How to Know When Youre Enabling an Addict

How to Know When Youre Enabling an Addict Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Print How to Know When Youre Enabling an Alcoholic How Enabling Takes Many Forms By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on January 06, 2020 courtneyk / E / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Methods and Support Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Many times when family and friends try to help alcoholics, they are actually making it easier for them to continue in the progression of the disease. This baffling phenomenon is called enabling, which takes many forms, all of which have the same effectâ€"allowing the alcoholic to avoid the consequences of his actions. Enabling allows the alcoholic to continue merrily along his (or her) drinking ways, secure in the knowledge that no matter how much he screws up, somebody will always be there to rescue him from his mistakes. What is the difference between helping and enabling??? There are many opinions and viewpoints on this, some of which can be found on the pages linked below, but here is a simple description: Helping is doing something for someone that they are not capable of doing themselves. Enabling is doing for someone things that they could and should be doing themselves. Simply, enabling creates an atmosphere in which the alcoholic can comfortably continue his unacceptable behavior. Are You An Enabler? Are You Enabling an Alcoholic or Addict? Answer these 10  questions to help you decide whether or not your actions and reactions to the alcoholic might be enabling. Click on the link above to take the enabling self-assessment test. If you answered yes to any of the questions, you at some point in time have enabled the alcoholic to avoid his own responsibilities. Rather than help the alcoholic, you have actually made it easier for him to get worse. If you answered yes to most or all of the questions, you have not only enabled the alcoholic, you have probably become a major contributor to the growing and continuing problem and chances are have become affected by the disease yourself. Facing the Consequences of Drinking As long as the alcoholic has his enabling devices in place, it is easy for him to continue to deny he has a problem â€" since most of his problems are being solved by those around him. Only when he is forced to face the consequences of his own actions, will it finally begin to sink in how deep his problem has become. Some of these choices are not easy for the friends and families of alcoholics.?? If the alcoholic drinks up the money that was supposed to pay the utility bill, hes not the only one who will be living in a dark, cold, or sweltering house. The rest of the family will suffer right along with him. Tough Choices for the Family, but Choices That makes the only option for the family seem to be taking the money intended for groceries and paying the light bill instead, since nobody wants to be without utilities. But that is not the only option. Taking the children to friends or relatives, or even a shelter, and letting the alcoholic come home alone to a dark house, is an option that protects the family and leaves the alcoholic face-to-face with his problem. Those kinds of choices are difficult. They require detachment with love. But it is love.?? Unless the alcoholic is allowed to face the consequences of his own actions, he will never realize just how much his drinking has become a problem â€" to himself and those around him. Getting Help to Deal With Someones Alcoholism Often those closest to the alcoholic or addict believe if they can just get him to stop drinking or drugging, it will solve all of the problems. They may attempt a family intervention and many other tactics to try to solve the problem. But many families find that even if the alcoholic or addict quits and gets into recovery, the problems linger. For families dealing with either an active or recovering alcoholic, there are many resources available to offer help and support through the difficulties. Many family members have found that joining Al-Anon Family Groups have changed their lives completely.?? Detachment Protects You From Your Loved Ones Addiction

Gender roles Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The women are the chief decision makers at home but the males approve most of the decisions. This was the traditional gender role of the men and women in the American society and this was responsible for the rise of the sexual assaults and the domestic violence against the women. There were chances of women getting into the workplace but the chances were limited. There was bias against women in the workplace. However, with the development of the rules and the regulations, the women were allowed into the workplace and were given the same importance of that of the men. (York, 13th November 2007) There has been a rise in the number of women working in the organizations worldwide. However, there has been an effect of this in the family life. The women are perceived to take care of the families despite their status of work. The women in the modern society end up having to take care of multiple roles. The family consists of the children and the husbands and in some cases includes the parents. Therefore, it is a difficult proposition for the women to take care of the families after fulfilling the responsibility at the workplace. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender roles or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The condition is worse in the low-income group families where in some cases the women are the sole earners of the family. It is difficult for the women therefore, to take care of the family responsibilities. One of the main concerns in the family is the healthcare. 48% of the workingwomen have children at their homes and the responsibility lies with them for the health related problems of the family. 80% of the working mothers have to take care of the health related problems in the home. The situation is more acute in the case of the single mothers. In then case of the health related problems of the children most of the working mothers have to forego work and stay at home. 50% of the working mothers have to stay at home and 39% have to call someone to attend the child. It has been seen that a much lesser number of men (30%) miss work relating to the health problems of the child. The women who miss the work for the health related problems of the chi ldren do not get paid. The low-income level groups of mothers are the most effected in this regard. This leads to the concerns over the work related activities. It has been seen that most of the working mothers have concerns that their colleagues will not understand their problems and fear of being mistreated in the workplace. In addition to the children in the family, the women are also responsible in monitoring the health conditions of the other family members.

Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and Biological Rhythms by Charles...

The general rule of thumb is that to be healthy individuals need to get a minimum of eight hours of sleep a night. Some people get more, and some people get along well with less, but everyone needs to get enough sleep or else they cannot function effectively in their everyday activities. In their work, Your Guide to a Healthy Sleep, National Institutes of Health pointed out that sleep is very important to human existence, so important that one-third of a person’s life is spent doing it (1). In Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and Biological Rhythms, Amlaner said, â€Å"Sleep is a required activity, not an option† (19). During sleep the human body has an opportunity to recuperate from the activities of the day. The recuperation goes beyond that†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, they reported that non-REM sleep is divided into four stages. The first stage occurs right after an individual falls asleep and accounts for about five percent of total sleep. During stage one sle ep people can be awakened easily, and sometimes during this stage of sleep people may experience a sensation of falling. The second stage of non-REM sleep accounts for about fifty percent of total sleep time. During stage two sleep the body prepares itself for deep sleep by lowering the heart rate and the body temperature. Stage three sleep accounts for about five percent of total sleep time. Stage three sleep is the beginning of deep sleep. Stage four sleep, which accounts for about twenty percent of total sleep time, is the deepest state of sleep. Stage four sleep is when people can experience sleepwalking and nightmares, and if someone is awaken during this stage of sleep they can feel a certain degree of disorientation. REM sleep accounts for about twenty percent of total sleep time. It occurs after the four stages of non-REM sleep and is characterized by rapid eye movement. According to Mallick, it is during REM sleep that most dreaming, and the most intense dreaming occurs (8). The four stages of non-REM sleep and REM sleep occur in cycles of about 90 minutes which repeat about four or five times in a night. REM sleep happensShow MoreRelatedWhy Is insomnia on the Rise? Essay1056 Words   |  5 Pagesespecially in the UK. This is an issue as it causes damage to ones biological state resulting in a negative change of the economical, personal and social state of the sufferer [1]. Therefore, this issue report will identify and discuss treatments and causes for the reason behind an increase in the number of insomniacs in the UK (graph one). Insomnia is described as a chronic condition in which one finds difficulty in getting to sleep and/or staying asleep [2] and occurs when the responsibilities of

Aquatred Case Free Essays

Goodyear should maintain their three current distribution outlets of small independent dealers, manufacturer-owned outlets, and franchised dealers while expanding distribution to target more specific types of consumers and geographic regions for their Aquatred launch. The current distribution channels for Goodyear projects have been successful; therefore, there is no reason to change something that works. Especially with its high price and high quality, the Aquatred would not be successful in distribution through service stations, warehouse club, or mass merchandisers due to their low cost focus. We will write a custom essay sample on Aquatred Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Goodyear should analyze specific types of consumers who would be most likely to purchase the Aquatred tire and push sales heavily towards this market segment. As discovered in the market tests, consumers who purchased Aquatred tires were more likely to have researched information about the tire prior to purchase, drove an imported car, and specifically sought out the Aquatred tire for purchase upon entry into a distribution center. Goodyear should use the knowledge to promote information on the Aquatred to consumers matching the above characteristics. For example, Goodyear should heavily promote and advertise the Aquatred tire due to the fact that the target consumer is research oriented before purchasing. Goodyear could also have a specific concentration on outdoorsy consumers. Consumers that frequently off-road and participate in other rural terrain areas would need a better quality tire with more safety for hazardous weather conditions. In addition to focusing on specific consumers, Goodyear should also target particular geographic regions that Aquatred would benefit most. Areas with large rain quantities would be more likely to purchase the Aquatred tire. Goodyear should look into meteorological patterns to determine such areas of focus. When car owners were surveyed about most important tire attribute, wet traction was the second most important which indicates that the interest already exists among consumers for a product to better serve this need. Also, Goodyear could tie in the human psychological need for safety by putting emphasis on Aquatred’s safety benefits in wet conditions. Consumers especially those with families will be more likely to overlook the higher cost in order to have a product more likely to ensure their safety and protection. In order to combat the issue of price, Goodyear could instill a loyalty program among its Aquatred users. Therefore, once consumers have initially purchased the product, there would be an even greater incentive to continue using Aquatred. Also, Goodyear would pocket the expense of the discount so dealers are satisfied with greater revenues thus a greater incentive to sell the Aquatred tire. Such a program would ease the tension on price among dealers and consumers. In addition to the loyalty program, Goodyear may need to develop a â€Å"promotion price† that would look like a deal to consumers but still ensure Goodyear receive their targeted price. The price is critical due to the fact that 75% of all Goodyear tires are sold on promotion and the company should be wary not to drive away large numbers of consumers due to price sensitivity. How to cite Aquatred Case, Essay examples

Leadership Styles and Organizational Performance †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Styles and Organizational Performance. Answer: Introduction: Leadership is a vital function within an organization or business, and is commonly associated with the establishment of a clear vision, and communicating the vision with others and resolving conflicts between individuals in the organization, who are involved in the implementation and completion of the objectives and vision of the organization or business. Leadership is an attribute which allows an individual to lead or guide others (individuals, teams or the organization). Leadership can also be understood as the capacity of the management of any business or organization to set and reach difficult objectives, take quick decisions and decisive actions, and outperform competitors, as well as give inspiration to others to give their best performance and efforts (Northouse, 2018; Antonakis Day, 2017). The purpose of the assignment is to understand the importance of Leadership in organizational sustenance, performance and development. The study is aimed for managers and leaders in an organization. The information was found from secondary analysis of research data, and the leadership strategy studied in this context is Transformational Leadership. Any organization strives for survival and the sustenance of its existence through improvements in its performance. Moreover, to address the requirements of a competitive market, organizations should be able to improve their performances (Arslan Staub, 2013). Leadership is essentially vital to achieve the optimum productivity of the organizations. Also, success of an organization depends on the organizational performance, job satisfaction of the employees and the effective commitment shown by the employees. Studies suggest that leaders can help to motivate and assist the employees and staff and foster a competitive environment in the organization, and also promote benchmarks of quality in the professional growth of the staff (Miner, 2015). These can several positive effects on the organization. This concept of leadership concept was explained by James MacGregor Burns in 1978 (Burns, 1978). Such type of leadership is characterized by optimism, trust and positivity among the leaders, who can pr9vide emotional encouragement to their teams and ensure support innovations for them. Transformational leadership focuses on mutually beneficial objectives, motivation and emotional connectivity apart from the shared vision and values. This type of leadership can help an organization to achieve the current goals in a more efficient manner, by connecting performance with value rewards, and also ensuring that adequate resources are available to the employees to get the work done (McCleskey, 2014). They can outline a strategic objective, and communicate it to the staff and acting towards the development of commitment to the objective. Based on empirical studies and metal analysis, it can be assumed that transformational leadership is able to have a beneficial role on both individual perfor mances as well as organizational outcomes. Also, transformational leadership can allow an improvement in the follower performance and firm outcomes. Transformational leadership can be considered to be made of 4 parts: charisma, inspiration, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration (Bass Rigio, 2006). Leaders can utilise a situational approach in order to practice various leadership frameworks and styles, depending upon the subordinates maturity levels which determines the pattern of leadership that can be implemented (Meier, 2016). Organizational Performance: Organizational performance can be understood as the way of transforming of inputs to outputs, in order to achieve certain objectives. In this aspect, performance highlights the interaction between effective and minimal cost (economy); between effective costs and output realized (efficiency) and also between output and the outcome achieved by it (effectiveness) (Corvellec, 2017). As per Scott and Davis (2015), standardized forms of measurement of organizational performance does not exist, however, there are four main approaches which can be used to analyze the performance. The approaches are: The Goal approach (where the performance is measured based on the extent to which the business or organization can reach its goals); System Resource Approach (which relates to the interaction between the organization and its surroundings, and performance is measured by the capacity of the organization to take advantage of its environment to achieve and secure values and resources to succeed in the operations. Constituency Approach (when an organization is considered as effective by multiple stakeholders, and the performance is measured on the extent to which the organization has control over its resources). Competing Values Approach (which considers organizational objectives or goals being set in different ways through the requirements of the various sectors of the organization, and thus different criterion must exist for the measurement of the performance across each of these sector. Leadership and Organizational Performance: Leadership can allow an increase of the performance of an organization and leaders can function as key decision makers who can help to decide on the acquisition, development and deployment of the resources of an organization and also in the transformation of these resources into products or services of value and to deliver these values to the stakeholders of the organization (DInnocenzo et al., 2016). Therefore, leaders can act as significant sources of managerial advantage and provide a strong competitive advantage to the organization. Different studies have shown that a positive relation exists between performances at individual and organizational levels with effective transformational leadership. Also, behaviours related to transformational leadership are related to effectiveness of the subordinates in different types of organizational setup. The behaviour of the leaders can influence and motivate the employee, increasing their awareness and commitment to their duties and responsi bilities and develop a self interest in the improvement of the productivity of the organization (Madanchian et al., 2016). Studies by Zhu et al. (2005) found a connection between transformational leadership style and the performance of the organization among 170 companies in Singapore. The study also showed effective human resource management can influence the relation between performance and leadership skills through an increased commitment and improved motivation among the employees. Similarly, Kieu (2010) highlights the positive influence of transformational leadership on the working of an organization in IT industries. The study showed that transformational leadership as a significant analyst of employee performance, job satisfaction and commitment in the organization, and enable focus on empowerment and improving trust on the leader. Additionally, through inspirational motivation and intellectual stimulation, it can also allow further improvement in the performance of the organ ization. Based on such aspects, effective leadership should be able to address the competing expectations of stakeholders in such a way that is ethical and obvious, and necessitates leaders to adopt transformational behaviour as a central function to ensure the survival of the organization (Madanchian et al., 2016). Conclusion: For the effective development of organizations, comprehending the relation between transformational leadership and organizational performance is a significant aspect. Also, it is necessary to identify approaches and strategies that can help to improve performance of the employees as an important role played by the leaders. From the study of the literature, a positive relation was found between transformational leadership style and the performance of individuals and organization. This emphasizes that through transformational leadership, and organization can ensure continued growth and sustenance, and thus should be an important focus of the management within the organization. References: Antonakis, J., Day, D. V. (Eds.). (2017).The nature of leadership. Sage publications. Arslan, A., Staub, S. (2013). Theory X and theory Y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance: Small business owners in the ?ishane Lighting and Chandelier District.Procedia-social and behavioral sciences,75, 102-111. Bass, B. M., Riggio, R. E. (2006).Transformational leadership. Psychology Press. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership New York.NY: Harper and Row Publishers. Corvellec, H. (2017).Stories of achievements: Narrative features of organizational performance. Taylor Francis. DInnocenzo, L., Mathieu, J. E., Kukenberger, M. R. (2016). A meta-analysis of different forms of shared leadershipteam performance relations.Journal of Management,42(7), 1964-1991. Kieu, H. (2010). Leadership styles and organizational performance. Madanchian, M., Hussein, N., Noordin, F., Taherdoost, H. (2016).Effects of Leadership on Organizational Performance.researchgate.net. Retrieved 19 April 2018, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305323612_Effects_of_Leadership_on_Organizational_Perf McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), 117. Meier, D. (2016). Situational Leadership Theory as a Foundation for a Blended Learning Framework.Journal of Education and Practice,7(10), 25-30. Miner, J. B. (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Northouse, P. G. (2018).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Zhu, W., Chew, I. K., Spangler, W. D. (2005). CEO transformational leadership and organizational outcomes: The mediating role of humancapital-enhancing human resource management.The leadership quarterly,16(1), 39-52.

Audrey Hepburn A Biography Essay Example

Audrey Hepburn: A Biography Paper â€Å"Nothing is impossible – the world itself says ‘I’m possible’! † This quote by Audrey Hepburn is very inspirational, and I think it shows how much spirit she had in her. Audrey Hepburn was more than just an actress; in many ways, she made a difference in the world. She is an example of someone who endured a lot during her childhood, and ended up becoming a star. Hepburn starred in many different films, impressing her audiences with her portrayals of the roles she was given, and her talent in acting. Later in her life, she showed her compassion for children in need, and contributed greatly to UNICEF. There is no doubt about it that Audrey Hepburn was a fashion icon and an actress who led a full life, spending part of it starring in films, and part of it working for UNICEF and traveling the world. Audrey Hepburn was born on May 4, 1929 in Brussels, Belgium. Her childhood was tough, but living through hard times made her feel empathy towards children in need later on in her life. For part of her childhood, she went to school in England, and afterwards she studied in the Netherlands. She grew up during World War II. Hepburn’s father, in fact, was said to have been a Nazi sympathizer, which was one of the reasons her parents divorced when she was only six years old. As a child, she had trouble breathing and suffered from anemia and malnutrition. These health problems made her fragile, as well as the fact that she was naturally very thin. After reading Anne Frank’s diary, Audrey Hepburn felt that what Anne Frank went through during the war was similar to her own experience. But World War II finally ended, and when it was over she acted for the first time ever in â€Å"High Button Shoes† and â€Å"Sauce Tartare† as a chorus girl out of an interest in dance. We will write a custom essay sample on Audrey Hepburn: A Biography specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Audrey Hepburn: A Biography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Audrey Hepburn: A Biography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Audrey Hepburn led a great career in acting. She starred in her first film â€Å"Gigi† when she was 22. In 1953, at age 24, she acted as Princess Ann in â€Å"Roman Holiday† with Gregory Peck, impressing everyone with her performance. After Hepburn’s screen test, William Wyler, the director, said, â€Å"She had everything I was looking for: charm, innocence, and talent. She was also very funny. She was absolutely enchanting and we said, ‘That’s the girl! ’† I think that this says something about how charming Audrey Hepburn’s personality was. Four years after â€Å"Roman Holiday,† Hepburn showed her dancing talent in â€Å"Funny Face. She starred alongside Fred Astaire in this film, who, as well as Gregory Peck, was one of the most famous male actors at the time. But the role she felt was the hardest for her to pull off in her whole career was starring as Holly Golightly, a girl living in New York who acts carefree but is really very troubled, in â€Å"Breakfast at Tiffany’s. † The author of the book that the movie was based off of was actually disappointed with Audrey Hepburn being chosen to play the lead role, which he had envisioned for Marilyn Monroe. â€Å"Complicated† is the word that best describes Audrey Hepburn’s love life. After starring in â€Å"Ondine† with Mel Ferrer, they fell in love and married on September 25, 1954, and had a son together named Sean Hepburn Ferrer. They divorced in 1968, however, because Ferrer was too controlling and had a bad temper. Years later, Hepburn met Andrea Dotti, a psychiatrist, on a cruise ship and they married in the February of 1970. One year following their wedding, they had a son, Luca Dotti. But their marriage fell apart thirteen years later, owing to both Hepburn and Dotti having relationships with other people. Finally, Audrey Hepburn ended up meeting a Dutchman, Robert Wolders, who she spent the rest of her life with. She herself said, â€Å"Took me long enough. † Perhaps one of Audrey Hepburn’s most defining qualities was that she was a great fashion icon, although she did say, â€Å"I never think of myself as an icon. What is in other people’s minds is not in my mind. I just do my thing. † This quote tells you that Hepburn was her own person, and she didn’t let what other people thought affect her! She was very good friends with the man who created many of her unforgettable outfits, Hubert de Givenchy. The dress he designed for her in â€Å"Breakfast at Tiffany’s† was sold for about 920,000 dollars, and the money was donated to help children in India. This is one of the actions that show how much of a philanthropist Hepburn was. The head of the charity was incredibly touched by this, and he said, â€Å"There are tears in my eyes. I am absolutely dumbfounded to believe that a piece of cloth which belonged to such a magical actress will now enable me to buy bricks and cement to put the most destitute in the world into schools. † The money made from a lot of Hepburn’s dresses was donated to organizations like those. Audrey Hepburn was a philanthropist. She started working with UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund) in 1967, and from that point on, she only acted once in a while. Hepburn traveled around the world, visiting Asia, Africa, Central America, and South America, raising awareness about all the children who are starving and homeless. She expressed what she felt about working with UNICEF by saying, â€Å"As you grow older, you will discover you have two hands, one for helping yourself, the other for helping others. Audrey Hepburn knew what is was like to be hungry all the time from her days living through World War II, which is partly why she had so much compassion for the starving children in the world. â€Å"I saw tiny mountain communities, slums, and shanty towns receive water systems for the first time by some miracle – and that miracle is UNICEF. † – Hepburn told how UNICEF has been able to make a change. Later on in her life, Hepburn still acted, but not as often. In 1959, she showed her acting talent in â€Å"The Nun’s Story,† as she portrayed a nun who underwent a lot of struggles in her life. From the 1960s to the 1980s, she starred in two thrillers, one with Cary Grant in â€Å"Charade,† and Ben Gazzara in â€Å"Bloodline. † â€Å"Wait Until Dark† was a film in which she played the role of a blind woman, and it became her fifth Academy Award nomination. The last few films Hepburn starred in were â€Å"My Fair Lady,† â€Å"Robin and Marian,† and â€Å"They All Laughed. † Her last role was in â€Å"Always,† by Steven Spielberg. Audrey Hepburn led a full life. In 1993, she won an Academy Award for her heartfelt work with UNICEF, but died in the January of that same year before it was given to her. Hepburn died of colon cancer in Tolochenaz, Switzerland. The cancer proved to have spread too much to be treated, and she passed away when she was 63 years old. Her whole family was with her when she died, and four days later her funeral was held in a church in Tolochenaz. She was buried in the Tolochenaz cemetery on that same day. The legacy left by Audrey Hepburn will never be forgotten. One of the things is known for is being a fashion icon. Hubert de Givenchy designed quite a few of her outfits for movies like â€Å"Breakfast at Tiffany’s† and â€Å"Paris When it Sizzles,† and, interestingly, she felt that she had a lot in common with him. Audrey Hepburn said, â€Å"Givenchy gave me a look, a kind, a silhouette. He has always been the best and he stayed the best. Because he kept the spare style that I love. † Apart from making a fashion statement, Hepburn won many awards for her talent in acting and starred in countless successful films. Her work for UNICEF also continues to make a difference. The Audrey Hepburn Children’s Fund was created by her family after she died, and Hepburn’s image has been used for advertising many things, from UNICEF campaigns to commercials for tea.

Definition of Wormhole - Theory of Relativity

Definition of Wormhole - Theory of Relativity Definition: A wormhole is a theoretical entity allowed by Einsteins theory of general relativity in which spacetime curvature connects two distant locations (or times). The name wormhole was coined by American theoretical physicist John A. Wheeler in 1957, based on an analogy of how a worm could chew a hole from one end of an apple through the center to the other end, thus creating a shortcut through the intervening space. The picture to the right depicts a simplified model of how this would work in linking two areas of two-dimensional space. The most common concept of a wormhole is an Einstein-Rosen bridge, first formalized by Albert Einstein and his colleague Nathan Rosen in 1935. In 1962, John A. Wheeler and Robert W. Fuller were able to prove that such a wormhole would collapse instantly upon formation, so not even light would make it through. (A similar proposal was later resurrected by Robert Hjellming in 1971, when he presented a model in which a black hole would draw matter in while being connected to a white hole in a distant location, which expels this same matter.) In a 1988 paper, physicists Kip Thorne and Mike Morris proposed since that such a wormhole could be made stable by containing some form of negative matter or energy (sometimes called exotic matter). Other types of traversible wormholes have also been proposed as valid solutions to the general relativity field equations. Some solutions to the general relativity field equations have suggested that wormholes could also be created to connect different times, as well as distant space. Still other possibilities have been proposed of wormholes connecting to whole other universes. There is still much speculation on whether it is possible for wormholes to actually exist and, if so, what properties they would actually possess. Also Known As: Einstein-Rosen bridge, Schwarzschild wormhole, Lorentzian wormhole, Morris-Thorne wormhole Examples: Wormholes are best known for their appearance in science fiction. The television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, for example, largely focused on the existence of a stable, traversible wormhole that connected the Alpha Quadrant of our galaxy (which contains Earth) with the distant Gamma Quadrant. Similarly, shows such as Sliders and Stargate have used such wormholes as the means of traveling to other universes or distant galaxies.