The Bad Secret of How to Research Paper

<h1> The Bad Secret of How to Research Paper </h1> <h2>The Foolproof How to Research Paper Strategy </h2> <p>Then, you must timetable your paper and settle on a choice with regards to what measure of time you'll have the option to stand to give to taking a shot at your scholastic paper regardless of whether it's the earlier moment. An incredible blueprint has become the most huge advance recorded as a hard copy an extraordinary paper. As of now, your assignment is to compose for 30 minutes in a row so you can get all the thoughts on paper. </p> <p>When you present your paper, try to keep a protected duplicate. In the event that you ought to compose just 1 paper at the finish of the period, you can inhale out as you are honored. Moreover, each paper must pass a thorough check for literary theft. Compose a last paper and twofold check it Once you've updated your exploration paper, you can start dealing with the last version. </p> <h2> The Good, the Bad and How to Research Paper</h2> <p>A paper composed at your solicitation from our site gives you the decision to get all the data and examination result, which implies you won't have to give time exploring it yourself. Output the outcomes to see how much data was distributed. You need to go for a point with an amazing database on net or Google so you will be able to compose viably as you must have an incredibly wide choice of data. The theoretical is the most significant part of the report since anyone perusing for your exploration on a database or inside a diary will regularly peruse close to the theoretical. </p> <h2> Who Else Wants to Learn About How to Research Paper?</h2> <p>Science research paper composing should be done after an amazing exploration. Anyway, your proposition should be succinct and simple. Besides, also, it is basic to start on composing new exploration papers when very much refreshed and in an incredible soul. Composing an examination papers can be a hard undertaking for a decent arrangement of people. </p> <h2>Choosing Good How to Research Paper </h2> <p>Sometimes exploration ought to be done to find a generally excellent point to expound on. The primary thing which you should pick a theme, in the event that you haven't done so as of now. On the off chance that you're allowed to choose any point, at that point guarantee you pick the one which you definitely think about. It's likewise savvy to disclose how you're probably going to move toward your point. &l t;/p> <p>If you aren't sure how to make a 3-page research paper quick, remember that the quickest methodology is to do your examination at first and build up your proposition explanation later. The following activity is to set up a far reaching plot for research paper. </p> <p>Of course, if the case you need to turn in an ordinary paper done in the focal point of the night in a couple of hours, at that point it is a touch of cake, normally. As of now you're getting that profound examination your teacher truly wishes to see, in addition to you're including a lot of delicious confirmation for your significant thoughts. Now and again you can't explain your thought in words since some vital things presently can't seem to be concentrated significantly. As of now you have a good thought about what you're probably going to state and the best approach to state it. </p> <p>Correct all mistakes you could spot and improve the general evaluation of the paper as well as could be expected. Fortunately, there's an arrangement to make an exploration paper quick, however to do it with the sort of style that will capture you a great evaluation. Presently you have your chief examination thoughts sorted out into different inquiry windows, you can go into your report program and make the rest of your layout around your essential theory. The work ought to be composed with the right sentence structure and in an official language style. </p> <h2> Life, Death, and How to Research Paper</h2> <p>In such case you will utilize a couple of shrewd clues made to tailor your exploration paper composing abilities next flawlessly. Anyway, you need to edit your work. An individual could reason that the absolute best strategy for composing an exploration paper is to accept the entirety of the open door to play out a careful examination and avoid potential risk to forestall such circumstances through and through. Examination paper as the nam e itself recommend, that will take your part of work and time to be very honest, because of the investigation and investigation work related with that. </p> <p>Explain quickly the significant focuses you plan to cover in your paper and why perusers should be keen on your point. On the off chance that you find a modest Kindle book regarding your matter, you might need to buy it. An individual ought do whatever it takes not to peruse each page and section, in any case, as one might not have adequate time. On the off chance that the theme is excessively tight, you may think that its hard to find the suitable writing. </p> <p>Practical contemplations, for instance, the term of the paper you're composing or the entrance to assets to dissect the issue may likewise factor in what number of inquiries to pose. The assortment of inquiries you put forth an attempt to address ought to be dependent upon the unpredictability of the issue you're exploring and what zones of request you find generally basic to consider. For certain understudies, a decision of subject is the most straightforward part. As a rule, it's fundamental to demonstrate the picked theme, understudy's first and last name, alongside establishment. </p> <h2>What How to Research Paper Is - and What it Is Not </h2> <p>Don't disregard to watch out for your sources with the goal that you can refer to them in your paper to forestall counterfeiting. Numerous your paper will reword the data you found. You may implant a fast statement of a critical expression in summarized material and give the page number of the statement. There are in like manner various reference materials, similar to reference books, accessible at the library. </p> <h2>The Downside Risk of How to Research Paper </h2> <p>Reports for science fairs need the entire undertaking worked out from begin to finish. Disclose how you plan to start directing your examination. One of the absolute first regions to start research is at the nearby library. </p> <p>The focus of FDA hazard correspondence is to help individuals make educated decisions about utilization regarding FDA-managed items. Your exploration work is a flourishing mix of all information you've figured out how to discover. It's important to begin getting ready account and exploration expositions in advance, ideally on exactly the same day it was relegated! </p> <h2> What You Should Do to Find Out About How to Research Paper Before You're Left Behind</h2> <p>An significant zone of the paper should be your translation of the data and the manner in which your comprehension of the subject was improved. The dominant part of logical reports can be streamlined into the following constituent parts. The hidden design is to research certain characteristics or qualities that might be associated in some way. The biggest case of plant adjustment, by and by, is found in a stand-out delicious, all the more generally called the prickly plant. </p>

Risk management and hedging

Hazard the board and supporting Hazard Management And Hedging In Derivatives Market Hazard the executives can be embraced in a few unique habits, which frequently relies upon the structure and activities for the particular firm. One generally utilized methodology is to fence in the subsidiaries advertise, which comprises of prospects, advances, trades, CFDs, warrants, convertibles and alternatives. Subordinates are monetary instruments whose worth and execution relies upon the benefit of hidden resources, for instance values, financial exchange records, trade rates, items and so on. The primary contention for supporting is for organizations to limit chances that may emerge from loan fees, trade rates, and other market factors and volatilities. By taking part in subordinates organizations deal with their different dangers by supporting a situation, to be increasingly sure what the result will be. For instance, one can support a specific measure of cash at a future point in time, so as to realize precisely how much that will be gotten/paid at the particular time consequently keeping away from the danger of losing esteem as a result of the swapping scale chance. There are anyway likewise contentions against supporting in the subsidiaries showcase. Building up supporting projects might be expensive, and if there are option and more cost effective approaches to decrease dangers, for example, operational and monetary procedures, that could be ideal. Besides, now and then supporting may prompt misfortunes despite the fact that there is an addition on the basic resource, which is a situation that is hard to disclose to partners. On the off chance that misfortunes show up over and over again, this could cause doubt from the investors, and should then be kept away from. One needs to consider the general exchange off among expenses and investment funds while taking part in supporting to oversee and lessen dangers. It is consequently additionally vital for the executives to experience careful hazard evaluations and to build firm explicit calendars, so as to distinguish the most huge dangers and accordingly to set up chance forestalling activities. Su pporting is furthermore for the most part utilized by organizations that are broadly presented to the different business and market dangers, and who more often than not would profit by embraced such activities. In any case, subsidiaries may likewise be utilized by the private segment if vital. The article Who Manages Risk? An Empirical Examination of Risk Management Practices in the Gold Mining Industry by Peter Tufanoexamines another database that subtleties corporate hazard the board movement in the North American gold mining industry. The article guarantees that scholastics know strikingly minimal about corporate hazard the board practice, despite the fact that very nearly three fourths of companies have received probably some budgetary building methods to control their exposures to intresest rates, foregin trade rates, and ware costs. There is minimal experimental help for the prescient intensity of hypotheses that view hazard the board as a way to boost investor esteem. The article besides depicts hazard the board practices and tests their conformance with existing hypothesis by breaking down an industry that appears to be nearly customized for scholastic examination: the North American gold mining industry. These organizations share a typical and clear introduction in that their yield is a comprehensively exchanged, unstable item. Firms can deal with this presentation utilizing a rich arrangement of instruments, including forward and prospects contracts, gold trades, gold or bullion advances, moving forward responsibilities called spot conceded agreements, and choices. Maybe in particular, firms in the gold mining industry uncover their hazard the board exercises in incredible detail. The gold business has grasped chance administration: more than 85 percent of the organizations in the business utilized probably a type of gold value hazard the board in 1990-1993. Utilizing industry-explicit measures for firms exposures, cost structures, and venture programs, Tufano tests whether cross-sectional contrasts in hazard the board action can be clarified by scholarly hypothesis. For instance, hypothesis predicts progressively broad hazard the board by firms bound to confront budgetary pain, which in this industry can be estimated by working expenses and influence. Different speculations set that corporate hazard the board exercises may be connected to hazard avoidance of corporate supervisors, and the structure where they hold a stake in the firm. These hypotheses would anticipate that organizations whose administrators hold more noteworthy value stakes as a small amount of their private riches would be progressively disposed to oversee gold value chance, yet those whose directors hold alternatives may be less disposed to oversee gold value chance. This article tests the prescient (as contrasted and the prescriptive) intensity of the different hypotheses, i.e., regardless of whether they help depict the decisions made by firms. He finds that gold mining firms chance administration choices are predictable with a portion of the surviving hypothesis. Administrative hazard avoidance appears to be especially pertinent; the information confirm Smith and Stulzs (1985) expectation that organizations whose supervisors own progressively investment opportunities oversee less gold value chance, and those whose chiefs share more riches contributed for all intents and purpose stock oversee increasingly gold cost chance. These outcomes appear to be powerful under an assortment of econometric determinations, and utilizing various elective intermediary factors. Conversely, speculations that clarify chance administration as a way to diminish the expenses of money rel ated trouble, to break the organizations reliance on outer financing, or to lessen expected charges are not bolstered firmly. He likewise finds that firm hazard the board levels have all the earmarks of being higher for firms with littler outside square property and lower money adjusts, and whose senior monetary supervisors have shorter occupation residencies. â€Å"Managing Foreign Exchange Risk with Derivatives†by Gregory W. Earthy colored is a field investigation of HDG, a worldwide assembling organization of strong gear with deals in excess of 50 nations that effectively experiences 24 diverse cash trades. Albeit global organizations like HDG are constantly presented to outside trade chance, this is one of not many examinations that research the hazard the executives activities for a non-money related company. Since worldwide organizations will in general be intricate, while utilizing various systems, a field investigation of this nature gives a more profound comprehension of how the hazard the board procedure functions. Dr. Earthy colored endeavors to respond to three primary inquiries. First he needs to understandhowthe Forex chance administration program is organized; second,whythe firm spotlights on the board of trade chance; finallywhatHDG utilizes inside their supporting subsidiary portfolio so as to limit their remote tra de hazard. So as to get a complete comprehension Dr. Earthy colored explored HDG more than 14 quarters beginning from 1995 and finishing in 1998. The structure of HDGs remote trade bunch comprised of 11 workers who were not considered â€Å"traders†, with a normal encounter of 4 years, whose center was not just supporting outside trade hazard. The program cost which included pay rates and overhead was roughly $1.5M every year, and the general value-based expenses arrived at the midpoint of around $2.3M yearly. HDG had a genuine remote trade hazard approach which centered to decrease value-based, translational, and in general monetary exposures. So as to meet this strategy the gathering effectively occupied with spot and forward agreements, money put alternative, and cash call choices. Conventional monetary speculations typically outline supporting Forex hazard for advantages, for example, decreasing available pay, ensuring against potential expenses of budgetary trouble, and lessening by and large unpredictability of riches. HDG in any case, concentrated its hazard the executives program on streamlining income impacts, giving the organization serious valuing, and empowering improved inward control the board. Here and there it appeared that HDG was endeavoring to utilize Forex chance supporting in a theoretical endeavor to build potential salary and in this way increment by and large firm worth. The system utilized in Forex chance supporting was very shortsighted. The office would not utilize live market takes care of but instead sources, for example, Bloomberg to imply a â€Å"hedge rate† from current market rates and generally cost of subordinates. This data would then be passed onto the assessment office and after audit would be formed into a supporting methodology to estimate future supporting movement. Browns measurable investigations of HDGs supporting exercises inferred that the models R-squared worth expanded as the time skyline diminished. This showed the organizations supporting movement was significantly influenced by its latest supporting exchanges. This may appear to be somewhat evident yet the most grounded tests just demonstrated 55% in precision. In all Brown clarifies there is considerably more in the method of testing that necessities to beconducted so as to more readily assess which extra factors fundamentally impact the Forex hazard the board of gl obal non-money related organizations. This examination ought to be the beginning of another examination in understanding money chance viewpoints. In Risk Measurement and Hedging: With and Without Derivatives, Petersen and Thiagarajan (2000) investigate the explanations behind two gold mining organizations to use inverse methodologies in dealing with their hazard, to be specific American Barrick, which forcefully fences its gold value chance with subordinates, and Homestake Mining, which utilizes no subsidiaries. By contemplating two firms from a similar industry, which barely has any variety in item quality, the key contrasts that lead to the various methodologies in chance administration can be inspected. Homestake Mining is centered around building up its own properties and subsequently, spends more on investigation costs (capital and work costs), which makes high gold costs beneficial on the off chance that they are not associated with investigation costs. The more prominent need of speculation capital Homestakes Mining has when gold costs are high downsizes the instability of working income less important to it as a total supporting

How to Know When Youre Enabling an Addict

How to Know When Youre Enabling an Addict Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Print How to Know When Youre Enabling an Alcoholic How Enabling Takes Many Forms By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on January 06, 2020 courtneyk / E / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Methods and Support Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Many times when family and friends try to help alcoholics, they are actually making it easier for them to continue in the progression of the disease. This baffling phenomenon is called enabling, which takes many forms, all of which have the same effectâ€"allowing the alcoholic to avoid the consequences of his actions. Enabling allows the alcoholic to continue merrily along his (or her) drinking ways, secure in the knowledge that no matter how much he screws up, somebody will always be there to rescue him from his mistakes. What is the difference between helping and enabling??? There are many opinions and viewpoints on this, some of which can be found on the pages linked below, but here is a simple description: Helping is doing something for someone that they are not capable of doing themselves. Enabling is doing for someone things that they could and should be doing themselves. Simply, enabling creates an atmosphere in which the alcoholic can comfortably continue his unacceptable behavior. Are You An Enabler? Are You Enabling an Alcoholic or Addict? Answer these 10  questions to help you decide whether or not your actions and reactions to the alcoholic might be enabling. Click on the link above to take the enabling self-assessment test. If you answered yes to any of the questions, you at some point in time have enabled the alcoholic to avoid his own responsibilities. Rather than help the alcoholic, you have actually made it easier for him to get worse. If you answered yes to most or all of the questions, you have not only enabled the alcoholic, you have probably become a major contributor to the growing and continuing problem and chances are have become affected by the disease yourself. Facing the Consequences of Drinking As long as the alcoholic has his enabling devices in place, it is easy for him to continue to deny he has a problem â€" since most of his problems are being solved by those around him. Only when he is forced to face the consequences of his own actions, will it finally begin to sink in how deep his problem has become. Some of these choices are not easy for the friends and families of alcoholics.?? If the alcoholic drinks up the money that was supposed to pay the utility bill, hes not the only one who will be living in a dark, cold, or sweltering house. The rest of the family will suffer right along with him. Tough Choices for the Family, but Choices That makes the only option for the family seem to be taking the money intended for groceries and paying the light bill instead, since nobody wants to be without utilities. But that is not the only option. Taking the children to friends or relatives, or even a shelter, and letting the alcoholic come home alone to a dark house, is an option that protects the family and leaves the alcoholic face-to-face with his problem. Those kinds of choices are difficult. They require detachment with love. But it is love.?? Unless the alcoholic is allowed to face the consequences of his own actions, he will never realize just how much his drinking has become a problem â€" to himself and those around him. Getting Help to Deal With Someones Alcoholism Often those closest to the alcoholic or addict believe if they can just get him to stop drinking or drugging, it will solve all of the problems. They may attempt a family intervention and many other tactics to try to solve the problem. But many families find that even if the alcoholic or addict quits and gets into recovery, the problems linger. For families dealing with either an active or recovering alcoholic, there are many resources available to offer help and support through the difficulties. Many family members have found that joining Al-Anon Family Groups have changed their lives completely.?? Detachment Protects You From Your Loved Ones Addiction

Gender roles Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The women are the chief decision makers at home but the males approve most of the decisions. This was the traditional gender role of the men and women in the American society and this was responsible for the rise of the sexual assaults and the domestic violence against the women. There were chances of women getting into the workplace but the chances were limited. There was bias against women in the workplace. However, with the development of the rules and the regulations, the women were allowed into the workplace and were given the same importance of that of the men. (York, 13th November 2007) There has been a rise in the number of women working in the organizations worldwide. However, there has been an effect of this in the family life. The women are perceived to take care of the families despite their status of work. The women in the modern society end up having to take care of multiple roles. The family consists of the children and the husbands and in some cases includes the parents. Therefore, it is a difficult proposition for the women to take care of the families after fulfilling the responsibility at the workplace. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender roles or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The condition is worse in the low-income group families where in some cases the women are the sole earners of the family. It is difficult for the women therefore, to take care of the family responsibilities. One of the main concerns in the family is the healthcare. 48% of the workingwomen have children at their homes and the responsibility lies with them for the health related problems of the family. 80% of the working mothers have to take care of the health related problems in the home. The situation is more acute in the case of the single mothers. In then case of the health related problems of the children most of the working mothers have to forego work and stay at home. 50% of the working mothers have to stay at home and 39% have to call someone to attend the child. It has been seen that a much lesser number of men (30%) miss work relating to the health problems of the child. The women who miss the work for the health related problems of the chi ldren do not get paid. The low-income level groups of mothers are the most effected in this regard. This leads to the concerns over the work related activities. It has been seen that most of the working mothers have concerns that their colleagues will not understand their problems and fear of being mistreated in the workplace. In addition to the children in the family, the women are also responsible in monitoring the health conditions of the other family members.

Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and Biological Rhythms by Charles...

The general rule of thumb is that to be healthy individuals need to get a minimum of eight hours of sleep a night. Some people get more, and some people get along well with less, but everyone needs to get enough sleep or else they cannot function effectively in their everyday activities. In their work, Your Guide to a Healthy Sleep, National Institutes of Health pointed out that sleep is very important to human existence, so important that one-third of a person’s life is spent doing it (1). In Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and Biological Rhythms, Amlaner said, â€Å"Sleep is a required activity, not an option† (19). During sleep the human body has an opportunity to recuperate from the activities of the day. The recuperation goes beyond that†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, they reported that non-REM sleep is divided into four stages. The first stage occurs right after an individual falls asleep and accounts for about five percent of total sleep. During stage one sle ep people can be awakened easily, and sometimes during this stage of sleep people may experience a sensation of falling. The second stage of non-REM sleep accounts for about fifty percent of total sleep time. During stage two sleep the body prepares itself for deep sleep by lowering the heart rate and the body temperature. Stage three sleep accounts for about five percent of total sleep time. Stage three sleep is the beginning of deep sleep. Stage four sleep, which accounts for about twenty percent of total sleep time, is the deepest state of sleep. Stage four sleep is when people can experience sleepwalking and nightmares, and if someone is awaken during this stage of sleep they can feel a certain degree of disorientation. REM sleep accounts for about twenty percent of total sleep time. It occurs after the four stages of non-REM sleep and is characterized by rapid eye movement. According to Mallick, it is during REM sleep that most dreaming, and the most intense dreaming occurs (8). The four stages of non-REM sleep and REM sleep occur in cycles of about 90 minutes which repeat about four or five times in a night. REM sleep happensShow MoreRelatedWhy Is insomnia on the Rise? Essay1056 Words   |  5 Pagesespecially in the UK. This is an issue as it causes damage to ones biological state resulting in a negative change of the economical, personal and social state of the sufferer [1]. Therefore, this issue report will identify and discuss treatments and causes for the reason behind an increase in the number of insomniacs in the UK (graph one). Insomnia is described as a chronic condition in which one finds difficulty in getting to sleep and/or staying asleep [2] and occurs when the responsibilities of

Aquatred Case Free Essays

Goodyear should maintain their three current distribution outlets of small independent dealers, manufacturer-owned outlets, and franchised dealers while expanding distribution to target more specific types of consumers and geographic regions for their Aquatred launch. The current distribution channels for Goodyear projects have been successful; therefore, there is no reason to change something that works. Especially with its high price and high quality, the Aquatred would not be successful in distribution through service stations, warehouse club, or mass merchandisers due to their low cost focus. We will write a custom essay sample on Aquatred Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Goodyear should analyze specific types of consumers who would be most likely to purchase the Aquatred tire and push sales heavily towards this market segment. As discovered in the market tests, consumers who purchased Aquatred tires were more likely to have researched information about the tire prior to purchase, drove an imported car, and specifically sought out the Aquatred tire for purchase upon entry into a distribution center. Goodyear should use the knowledge to promote information on the Aquatred to consumers matching the above characteristics. For example, Goodyear should heavily promote and advertise the Aquatred tire due to the fact that the target consumer is research oriented before purchasing. Goodyear could also have a specific concentration on outdoorsy consumers. Consumers that frequently off-road and participate in other rural terrain areas would need a better quality tire with more safety for hazardous weather conditions. In addition to focusing on specific consumers, Goodyear should also target particular geographic regions that Aquatred would benefit most. Areas with large rain quantities would be more likely to purchase the Aquatred tire. Goodyear should look into meteorological patterns to determine such areas of focus. When car owners were surveyed about most important tire attribute, wet traction was the second most important which indicates that the interest already exists among consumers for a product to better serve this need. Also, Goodyear could tie in the human psychological need for safety by putting emphasis on Aquatred’s safety benefits in wet conditions. Consumers especially those with families will be more likely to overlook the higher cost in order to have a product more likely to ensure their safety and protection. In order to combat the issue of price, Goodyear could instill a loyalty program among its Aquatred users. Therefore, once consumers have initially purchased the product, there would be an even greater incentive to continue using Aquatred. Also, Goodyear would pocket the expense of the discount so dealers are satisfied with greater revenues thus a greater incentive to sell the Aquatred tire. Such a program would ease the tension on price among dealers and consumers. In addition to the loyalty program, Goodyear may need to develop a â€Å"promotion price† that would look like a deal to consumers but still ensure Goodyear receive their targeted price. The price is critical due to the fact that 75% of all Goodyear tires are sold on promotion and the company should be wary not to drive away large numbers of consumers due to price sensitivity. How to cite Aquatred Case, Essay examples

Leadership Styles and Organizational Performance †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Styles and Organizational Performance. Answer: Introduction: Leadership is a vital function within an organization or business, and is commonly associated with the establishment of a clear vision, and communicating the vision with others and resolving conflicts between individuals in the organization, who are involved in the implementation and completion of the objectives and vision of the organization or business. Leadership is an attribute which allows an individual to lead or guide others (individuals, teams or the organization). Leadership can also be understood as the capacity of the management of any business or organization to set and reach difficult objectives, take quick decisions and decisive actions, and outperform competitors, as well as give inspiration to others to give their best performance and efforts (Northouse, 2018; Antonakis Day, 2017). The purpose of the assignment is to understand the importance of Leadership in organizational sustenance, performance and development. The study is aimed for managers and leaders in an organization. The information was found from secondary analysis of research data, and the leadership strategy studied in this context is Transformational Leadership. Any organization strives for survival and the sustenance of its existence through improvements in its performance. Moreover, to address the requirements of a competitive market, organizations should be able to improve their performances (Arslan Staub, 2013). Leadership is essentially vital to achieve the optimum productivity of the organizations. Also, success of an organization depends on the organizational performance, job satisfaction of the employees and the effective commitment shown by the employees. Studies suggest that leaders can help to motivate and assist the employees and staff and foster a competitive environment in the organization, and also promote benchmarks of quality in the professional growth of the staff (Miner, 2015). These can several positive effects on the organization. This concept of leadership concept was explained by James MacGregor Burns in 1978 (Burns, 1978). Such type of leadership is characterized by optimism, trust and positivity among the leaders, who can pr9vide emotional encouragement to their teams and ensure support innovations for them. Transformational leadership focuses on mutually beneficial objectives, motivation and emotional connectivity apart from the shared vision and values. This type of leadership can help an organization to achieve the current goals in a more efficient manner, by connecting performance with value rewards, and also ensuring that adequate resources are available to the employees to get the work done (McCleskey, 2014). They can outline a strategic objective, and communicate it to the staff and acting towards the development of commitment to the objective. Based on empirical studies and metal analysis, it can be assumed that transformational leadership is able to have a beneficial role on both individual perfor mances as well as organizational outcomes. Also, transformational leadership can allow an improvement in the follower performance and firm outcomes. Transformational leadership can be considered to be made of 4 parts: charisma, inspiration, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration (Bass Rigio, 2006). Leaders can utilise a situational approach in order to practice various leadership frameworks and styles, depending upon the subordinates maturity levels which determines the pattern of leadership that can be implemented (Meier, 2016). Organizational Performance: Organizational performance can be understood as the way of transforming of inputs to outputs, in order to achieve certain objectives. In this aspect, performance highlights the interaction between effective and minimal cost (economy); between effective costs and output realized (efficiency) and also between output and the outcome achieved by it (effectiveness) (Corvellec, 2017). As per Scott and Davis (2015), standardized forms of measurement of organizational performance does not exist, however, there are four main approaches which can be used to analyze the performance. The approaches are: The Goal approach (where the performance is measured based on the extent to which the business or organization can reach its goals); System Resource Approach (which relates to the interaction between the organization and its surroundings, and performance is measured by the capacity of the organization to take advantage of its environment to achieve and secure values and resources to succeed in the operations. Constituency Approach (when an organization is considered as effective by multiple stakeholders, and the performance is measured on the extent to which the organization has control over its resources). Competing Values Approach (which considers organizational objectives or goals being set in different ways through the requirements of the various sectors of the organization, and thus different criterion must exist for the measurement of the performance across each of these sector. Leadership and Organizational Performance: Leadership can allow an increase of the performance of an organization and leaders can function as key decision makers who can help to decide on the acquisition, development and deployment of the resources of an organization and also in the transformation of these resources into products or services of value and to deliver these values to the stakeholders of the organization (DInnocenzo et al., 2016). Therefore, leaders can act as significant sources of managerial advantage and provide a strong competitive advantage to the organization. Different studies have shown that a positive relation exists between performances at individual and organizational levels with effective transformational leadership. Also, behaviours related to transformational leadership are related to effectiveness of the subordinates in different types of organizational setup. The behaviour of the leaders can influence and motivate the employee, increasing their awareness and commitment to their duties and responsi bilities and develop a self interest in the improvement of the productivity of the organization (Madanchian et al., 2016). Studies by Zhu et al. (2005) found a connection between transformational leadership style and the performance of the organization among 170 companies in Singapore. The study also showed effective human resource management can influence the relation between performance and leadership skills through an increased commitment and improved motivation among the employees. Similarly, Kieu (2010) highlights the positive influence of transformational leadership on the working of an organization in IT industries. The study showed that transformational leadership as a significant analyst of employee performance, job satisfaction and commitment in the organization, and enable focus on empowerment and improving trust on the leader. Additionally, through inspirational motivation and intellectual stimulation, it can also allow further improvement in the performance of the organ ization. Based on such aspects, effective leadership should be able to address the competing expectations of stakeholders in such a way that is ethical and obvious, and necessitates leaders to adopt transformational behaviour as a central function to ensure the survival of the organization (Madanchian et al., 2016). Conclusion: For the effective development of organizations, comprehending the relation between transformational leadership and organizational performance is a significant aspect. Also, it is necessary to identify approaches and strategies that can help to improve performance of the employees as an important role played by the leaders. From the study of the literature, a positive relation was found between transformational leadership style and the performance of individuals and organization. This emphasizes that through transformational leadership, and organization can ensure continued growth and sustenance, and thus should be an important focus of the management within the organization. References: Antonakis, J., Day, D. V. (Eds.). (2017).The nature of leadership. Sage publications. Arslan, A., Staub, S. (2013). Theory X and theory Y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance: Small business owners in the ?ishane Lighting and Chandelier District.Procedia-social and behavioral sciences,75, 102-111. Bass, B. M., Riggio, R. E. (2006).Transformational leadership. Psychology Press. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership New York.NY: Harper and Row Publishers. Corvellec, H. (2017).Stories of achievements: Narrative features of organizational performance. Taylor Francis. DInnocenzo, L., Mathieu, J. E., Kukenberger, M. R. (2016). A meta-analysis of different forms of shared leadershipteam performance relations.Journal of Management,42(7), 1964-1991. Kieu, H. (2010). Leadership styles and organizational performance. Madanchian, M., Hussein, N., Noordin, F., Taherdoost, H. (2016).Effects of Leadership on Organizational Performance.researchgate.net. Retrieved 19 April 2018, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305323612_Effects_of_Leadership_on_Organizational_Perf McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), 117. Meier, D. (2016). Situational Leadership Theory as a Foundation for a Blended Learning Framework.Journal of Education and Practice,7(10), 25-30. Miner, J. B. (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Northouse, P. G. (2018).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Zhu, W., Chew, I. K., Spangler, W. D. (2005). CEO transformational leadership and organizational outcomes: The mediating role of humancapital-enhancing human resource management.The leadership quarterly,16(1), 39-52.

Audrey Hepburn A Biography Essay Example

Audrey Hepburn: A Biography Paper â€Å"Nothing is impossible – the world itself says ‘I’m possible’! † This quote by Audrey Hepburn is very inspirational, and I think it shows how much spirit she had in her. Audrey Hepburn was more than just an actress; in many ways, she made a difference in the world. She is an example of someone who endured a lot during her childhood, and ended up becoming a star. Hepburn starred in many different films, impressing her audiences with her portrayals of the roles she was given, and her talent in acting. Later in her life, she showed her compassion for children in need, and contributed greatly to UNICEF. There is no doubt about it that Audrey Hepburn was a fashion icon and an actress who led a full life, spending part of it starring in films, and part of it working for UNICEF and traveling the world. Audrey Hepburn was born on May 4, 1929 in Brussels, Belgium. Her childhood was tough, but living through hard times made her feel empathy towards children in need later on in her life. For part of her childhood, she went to school in England, and afterwards she studied in the Netherlands. She grew up during World War II. Hepburn’s father, in fact, was said to have been a Nazi sympathizer, which was one of the reasons her parents divorced when she was only six years old. As a child, she had trouble breathing and suffered from anemia and malnutrition. These health problems made her fragile, as well as the fact that she was naturally very thin. After reading Anne Frank’s diary, Audrey Hepburn felt that what Anne Frank went through during the war was similar to her own experience. But World War II finally ended, and when it was over she acted for the first time ever in â€Å"High Button Shoes† and â€Å"Sauce Tartare† as a chorus girl out of an interest in dance. We will write a custom essay sample on Audrey Hepburn: A Biography specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Audrey Hepburn: A Biography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Audrey Hepburn: A Biography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Audrey Hepburn led a great career in acting. She starred in her first film â€Å"Gigi† when she was 22. In 1953, at age 24, she acted as Princess Ann in â€Å"Roman Holiday† with Gregory Peck, impressing everyone with her performance. After Hepburn’s screen test, William Wyler, the director, said, â€Å"She had everything I was looking for: charm, innocence, and talent. She was also very funny. She was absolutely enchanting and we said, ‘That’s the girl! ’† I think that this says something about how charming Audrey Hepburn’s personality was. Four years after â€Å"Roman Holiday,† Hepburn showed her dancing talent in â€Å"Funny Face. She starred alongside Fred Astaire in this film, who, as well as Gregory Peck, was one of the most famous male actors at the time. But the role she felt was the hardest for her to pull off in her whole career was starring as Holly Golightly, a girl living in New York who acts carefree but is really very troubled, in â€Å"Breakfast at Tiffany’s. † The author of the book that the movie was based off of was actually disappointed with Audrey Hepburn being chosen to play the lead role, which he had envisioned for Marilyn Monroe. â€Å"Complicated† is the word that best describes Audrey Hepburn’s love life. After starring in â€Å"Ondine† with Mel Ferrer, they fell in love and married on September 25, 1954, and had a son together named Sean Hepburn Ferrer. They divorced in 1968, however, because Ferrer was too controlling and had a bad temper. Years later, Hepburn met Andrea Dotti, a psychiatrist, on a cruise ship and they married in the February of 1970. One year following their wedding, they had a son, Luca Dotti. But their marriage fell apart thirteen years later, owing to both Hepburn and Dotti having relationships with other people. Finally, Audrey Hepburn ended up meeting a Dutchman, Robert Wolders, who she spent the rest of her life with. She herself said, â€Å"Took me long enough. † Perhaps one of Audrey Hepburn’s most defining qualities was that she was a great fashion icon, although she did say, â€Å"I never think of myself as an icon. What is in other people’s minds is not in my mind. I just do my thing. † This quote tells you that Hepburn was her own person, and she didn’t let what other people thought affect her! She was very good friends with the man who created many of her unforgettable outfits, Hubert de Givenchy. The dress he designed for her in â€Å"Breakfast at Tiffany’s† was sold for about 920,000 dollars, and the money was donated to help children in India. This is one of the actions that show how much of a philanthropist Hepburn was. The head of the charity was incredibly touched by this, and he said, â€Å"There are tears in my eyes. I am absolutely dumbfounded to believe that a piece of cloth which belonged to such a magical actress will now enable me to buy bricks and cement to put the most destitute in the world into schools. † The money made from a lot of Hepburn’s dresses was donated to organizations like those. Audrey Hepburn was a philanthropist. She started working with UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund) in 1967, and from that point on, she only acted once in a while. Hepburn traveled around the world, visiting Asia, Africa, Central America, and South America, raising awareness about all the children who are starving and homeless. She expressed what she felt about working with UNICEF by saying, â€Å"As you grow older, you will discover you have two hands, one for helping yourself, the other for helping others. Audrey Hepburn knew what is was like to be hungry all the time from her days living through World War II, which is partly why she had so much compassion for the starving children in the world. â€Å"I saw tiny mountain communities, slums, and shanty towns receive water systems for the first time by some miracle – and that miracle is UNICEF. † – Hepburn told how UNICEF has been able to make a change. Later on in her life, Hepburn still acted, but not as often. In 1959, she showed her acting talent in â€Å"The Nun’s Story,† as she portrayed a nun who underwent a lot of struggles in her life. From the 1960s to the 1980s, she starred in two thrillers, one with Cary Grant in â€Å"Charade,† and Ben Gazzara in â€Å"Bloodline. † â€Å"Wait Until Dark† was a film in which she played the role of a blind woman, and it became her fifth Academy Award nomination. The last few films Hepburn starred in were â€Å"My Fair Lady,† â€Å"Robin and Marian,† and â€Å"They All Laughed. † Her last role was in â€Å"Always,† by Steven Spielberg. Audrey Hepburn led a full life. In 1993, she won an Academy Award for her heartfelt work with UNICEF, but died in the January of that same year before it was given to her. Hepburn died of colon cancer in Tolochenaz, Switzerland. The cancer proved to have spread too much to be treated, and she passed away when she was 63 years old. Her whole family was with her when she died, and four days later her funeral was held in a church in Tolochenaz. She was buried in the Tolochenaz cemetery on that same day. The legacy left by Audrey Hepburn will never be forgotten. One of the things is known for is being a fashion icon. Hubert de Givenchy designed quite a few of her outfits for movies like â€Å"Breakfast at Tiffany’s† and â€Å"Paris When it Sizzles,† and, interestingly, she felt that she had a lot in common with him. Audrey Hepburn said, â€Å"Givenchy gave me a look, a kind, a silhouette. He has always been the best and he stayed the best. Because he kept the spare style that I love. † Apart from making a fashion statement, Hepburn won many awards for her talent in acting and starred in countless successful films. Her work for UNICEF also continues to make a difference. The Audrey Hepburn Children’s Fund was created by her family after she died, and Hepburn’s image has been used for advertising many things, from UNICEF campaigns to commercials for tea.

Definition of Wormhole - Theory of Relativity

Definition of Wormhole - Theory of Relativity Definition: A wormhole is a theoretical entity allowed by Einsteins theory of general relativity in which spacetime curvature connects two distant locations (or times). The name wormhole was coined by American theoretical physicist John A. Wheeler in 1957, based on an analogy of how a worm could chew a hole from one end of an apple through the center to the other end, thus creating a shortcut through the intervening space. The picture to the right depicts a simplified model of how this would work in linking two areas of two-dimensional space. The most common concept of a wormhole is an Einstein-Rosen bridge, first formalized by Albert Einstein and his colleague Nathan Rosen in 1935. In 1962, John A. Wheeler and Robert W. Fuller were able to prove that such a wormhole would collapse instantly upon formation, so not even light would make it through. (A similar proposal was later resurrected by Robert Hjellming in 1971, when he presented a model in which a black hole would draw matter in while being connected to a white hole in a distant location, which expels this same matter.) In a 1988 paper, physicists Kip Thorne and Mike Morris proposed since that such a wormhole could be made stable by containing some form of negative matter or energy (sometimes called exotic matter). Other types of traversible wormholes have also been proposed as valid solutions to the general relativity field equations. Some solutions to the general relativity field equations have suggested that wormholes could also be created to connect different times, as well as distant space. Still other possibilities have been proposed of wormholes connecting to whole other universes. There is still much speculation on whether it is possible for wormholes to actually exist and, if so, what properties they would actually possess. Also Known As: Einstein-Rosen bridge, Schwarzschild wormhole, Lorentzian wormhole, Morris-Thorne wormhole Examples: Wormholes are best known for their appearance in science fiction. The television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, for example, largely focused on the existence of a stable, traversible wormhole that connected the Alpha Quadrant of our galaxy (which contains Earth) with the distant Gamma Quadrant. Similarly, shows such as Sliders and Stargate have used such wormholes as the means of traveling to other universes or distant galaxies.

Role of Shareholders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Role of Shareholders - Essay Example However, state laws and company bylaws determine the areas in which shareholders are entitled to vote Shareholder powers One of the main areas where shareholders are generally entitled to use their power is the election of the board members who are the â€Å"agents† of the corporation. The board of directors â€Å"acts on behalf of the shareholders† and is responsible for the maximization of shareholder value by incorporating appropriate policies through the managers they select for corporate operations (Reference for Business 2012). Any fundamental change which the organization plans to incorporate needs to be approved by the shareholders before implementation (Miller 2012). This implies that they have the power to approve a merger, change or amend the articles of incorporation of a firm, affect the sale of all or part of the company’s assets or even approve the dissolution of the corporation (Ronen and Yaari 2007). However, in many of such decisions prior board approval is required. They not only have the power to choose the members of the board of Directors but also to vote against them if found to be inefficient and remove them from the board. Generally a director is removed if there is sufficient cause for voting him out. However, certain state statutes and corporate articles allow their removal without any cause (Miller 2012). This means that if majority of shareholders feel that a particular director is not required, they can vote him /her out of office without giving any justification for their action. Shareholders can impact a company policy by proposing their own ideas for shareholder vote. However, for this they need to present their idea to the board of directors and ask them to distribute it to all the shareholders before the shareholder meeting by including it in the proxy papers sent to them (Miller 2012). However, this power is limited by the fact that SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) has set a limit to who can forwa rd these proposals. As per SEC, only those shareholders who have stocks worth at least $1000 can submit such proposals (Miller 2012). This submission is also limited by the fact that the proposal should be related to some noteworthy policy concern and not any ordination day to day operational consideration (Ronen and Yaari 2007). Thus, we can see that though the shareholders have the powers to affect change, they are limited in their use of power. In general, each shareholder has voting rights in proportion to the number of shares held by him/ her. However, the company can limit the voting rights of certain categories of shareholders (Miller 2012). For example, most organizations do not give voting rights to preferred shareholders. The companies can do this by incorporating the same in the articles of incorporation. However, if the laws of the State of operation do not allow such provisions, then the organization has to abide by the law. Some times preemptive rights are granted to s hareholders. This gives them the right to subscribe to the â€Å"same percentage of new shares being issued as they already hold in the company† (Miller 2012). This helps them to maintain their â€Å"proportionate control† over the organization in terms of voting power and financial interest (Miller 2012). The implication of this right is significant when the organizati

REC, Inc. and seatle coffee products Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

REC, Inc. and seatle coffee products - Essay Example On the basis of the previous results the company prepares projected income statement for the next accounting period in order to estimate the likely outcome of its operations and sales. This also helps the company to determine variances observed in the actual financial results of the company. The company’s expectations from its business for the complete year 2004 are given as budgeted income statement in Exhibit 2 which indicate that the company expects a monthly average profit of $60,000 (Profit Before Taxes: $720,000/12). These projections are based on the expected number of sales of equivalent units for the year 2004 i.e. the company estimated sale of 10,000 equivalent units which implies an average monthly sale of 830 or 840 units. Based on the comparison between the actual financial results of REC, Inc. and its budgeted income statement it could be ascertained that the company’s profit results for the month January 2004 have felt short by $78,000. This has been against the expectation of the company’s management as the business followed the trend that it has experienced in the last few years related to the market conditions and business cycle. The variation in the actual financial results from the budgeted income statement can be evaluated by examining every element of the actual income statement and comparing it to the budgeted figures for these elements. One of the limitations of the above presented budgeted financials on a monthly basis is that it does not take into account the changes in the business cycle and market conditions which may occur during the financial period. For example, sales of the business could be affected due to the seasonal downturn in a particular month. Therefore, better analysis would have been possible if the company was preparing budgeted income statement on a monthly basis. The table above indicates that the

Natural Recycling of Aggregate

Natural Recycling of Aggregate Introduction For many years peoples have been trying to keep the environmental clean and mention the natural balance of life. The scientific studies provide us the information and methods to achieve these objectives and the recycling of waste and by product materials represent the main role in these studies [1-4]. As a result of reconstruction of existing buildings and pavements, wars and natural disasters such as earthquakes the amount of construction and demolition materials are increasing every year. At the same time approval of additional facilities for waste disposal or treatment are become more difficult to obtain. Furthermore increasing restrictive environmental regulations have made waste disposal more difficult and expensive. Also the available natural aggregate in some countries decreases and may be become insufficient for the construction projects in these countries in the future [5]. So, the reuse of construction and demolition materials in construction has benefits not only in reducing the amount of materials requiring disposal but also can provide construction materials with significant saving of the original materials. According to the third Building Waste Monitoring Report [6], there is an increase in the recorded amount of building waste in the sectors of the building debris, road scarification and building site waste. It has arisen in Germany by 11.5 million tons, from 77.1 million tons in the period 1997/1998 to 88.6 million tons in the period 1999/2000. According to Rahlwes and Schmidt [7, 8], for concrete only, the annual crushed concrete quantity in west Germany only is about 30 million tones and in the European Union is approximately 130 million ton. Due to intensive building activities in the last decades, these amounts are expected to considerably increase after the year 2000. The properties of recycled coarse aggregate with a grain size above 4 mm and its reuse in concrete production and pavements construction have been evaluated and described in many. It has been estimated that approximately 50 million tons of concrete are currently demolished each year in the European Economic Communities [1], Equivalent figures are 60 million tons in the United States ([2], [3]), and in Japan [12] the total quantity of concrete debris available for recycling on some scale is about 10 to 12 million tons. Very little demolished concrete is currently recycled or reused anywhere in the world. The small quantity which is recovered is mainly reused as unstabilized base or subbase in highway construction. The rest is dumped or disposed of as fill. For Environmental and other reasons the number of readily accessible disposal sites around major cities in the world has decreased in recent years. Both disposals volume and maximum sizes of wastes have been restricted. In Japan disposal charges from USD 3 to 10 per ton are not uncommon. Moreover, distances between demolition sites and disposal areas have become larger and transportation costs higher. At the same time critical shortages of good natural aggregate is developing in many urban areas, and distances between deposits of natural material and sites of new construction have grown larger, and transportation costs have become correspondingly higher, It is estimated that between now and year 2,000, three times more demolished concrete will be generated each year than is today. For these reasons it can be foreseen that demolition contractors will come under considerable economic and other pressure to process demolished concrete for reuse as unscreened gravel, base and subbase materials, aggregates for production of new concrete or for other useful purposes. Large-scale recycling of demolished concrete will contribute not only to the solution of a growing waste disposal problem. It will also help to conserve natural resources of sand and gravel and to secure future supply of reasonably priced aggregates for building and road construction purposes within large urban areas of the world. Applications of Recycled Aggregate The recycled concrete aggregate shown in Figure 1.1 can be defined as crushed concrete composed of aggregate fragments coated with cement paste or cement mortar from the demolition of the old structures or pavements that has been processed to produce aggregates suitable for use in new concrete. The processing, as with many natural aggregates, generally involves crushing, grading and washing. This removes contaminant materials such as reinforcing steel, remnants of formwork, gypsum board, and other foreign materials. The resulting coarse aggregate is then suitable for use in concrete. The fine aggregate, however, generally contains a considerable amount of old cement paste and mortar. This tends to increase the drying shrinkage and creep properties of the new concrete, as well as leading to problems with unworkable mix and strength. Therefore, many transportation departments have found that using 100% coarse recycled aggregate but with only about 10% to 20% recycled fines works well. Regarding the results of most of the previous research that has been done so far, the application of Recycled Aggregate is mostly currently in low quality/strength concrete, for example, pavement base and slab rather than used in structural concrete. The most common application of Recycled Concrete Aggregate is the use in concrete sub-base in road construction, bank protection, noise barriers and embankments, many types of general bulk fills and fill materials for drainage structures. After the removal of contaminants through selective demolition, screening, and/or air separation and size reduction in a crusher to aggregate sizes, crushed concrete can be used as new concrete for pavements, shoulders, median barriers, sidewalks, curbs and gutters, and bridge foundations; structural grade concrete; soil-cement pavement bases; moulded concrete bricks and blocks; bituminous concrete etc. However, there is an example of recycled concrete being used for part of the structural slabs in a high-rise building in Japan but there was no too much detail available on this project. According to research that has been conducted in Australia, current use of recycled aggregates is still only around 7% of road construction material in South Australia. Victoria Road also use recycled aggregate for their road base construction projects in Victoria but MainRoads in Queensland does not currently. Traditionally, the application of recycled aggregate is used as landfill. Nowadays, the applications of recycled aggregate in construction areas are wide. The applications are different from country to country. Concrete Kerb and Gutter Mix Recycled aggregate have been used as concrete kerb and gutter mix in Australia. According to Building Innovation Construction Technology (1999), Stone says that the 10mm recycled aggregate and blended recycled sand are used for concrete kerb and gutter mix in the Lent hall Street project in Sydney. Granular Base Course Materials According to Market Development Study for Recycled Aggregate Products (2001), recycled aggregate are used as granular base course in the road construction. It also stated that recycled aggregate had proved that better than natural aggregate when used as granular base course in roads construction. They also found that when the road is built on the wet sub grade areas, recycled aggregate will stabilize the base and provide an improved working surface for pavement structure construction. Embankment Fill Materials Market Development Study for Recycled Aggregate Products (2001) stated that recycled aggregate can be used in embankment fill. The reason for being able to use in embankment fill is same as it is used in granular base course construction. The embankment site is on the wet sub grade areas. Recycled aggregate can stabilize the base and provide an improved working surface for the remaining works. Paving Blocks Recycled aggregate have been used as paving blocks in Hong Kong. According to Hong Kong Housing Department (n.d.), recycled aggregate are used as typical paving blocks. A trial project had been started to test the long – term performance of paving blocks made with recycled aggregate in 2002. Backfill Materials Recycled aggregate can be used as backfill materials. Mehus and Lillestol (n.d) found that Norwegian Building Research Institute (n.d) mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate can be used as backfill materials in the pipe zone along trenches after having testing in laboratory. Building Blocks Recycled aggregate used as building blocks. Mehus and Lillestol (n.d) stated that Optiroc AS had used recycled aggregate to produce the masonry sound insulation blocks. The masonry sound insulation blocks that produced had met all the requirements during the laboratory testing. International Status Mehus and Lillestol (n.d.) stated that RESIBA had constructed a new high school in Sorumsand, outside the city of Oslo, Norway in 2001. Recycled concrete aggregate had been used in this project. Thirty – five percent of coarse aggregate were replaced by recycled concrete aggregate in the foundations, half of the basement walls and columns. Several tests were conducted based on fresh and hardened concrete properties and the results shown that the concrete with thirty – five percent of recycled concrete aggregate have good freeze – thaw resistance. The use of recycled concrete aggregate did not shown any noticeable increase in cracking. According to Grubl, Nealen and Schmidt (n.d.), there is a building project, the â€Å"Waldspirale† by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, made from concrete with recycled aggregate in Darmstadf from November 1998 to September 1999. Numerous tests were evaluated for freshly missed and also hardened concrete properties. The result shown that the consistency controlled method for concrete with recycled aggregate is applicable. And it leads to concrete of equal quality when compared with concrete made from natural aggregate. According to Regain (1993/94), recycled aggregate were used as capping and sub-base layers in housing development at North Bracknell, UK in 1993/94. Visual inspections and condition surveys were carried out by using the falling weight deflectometer in 1998. The result shown that the sections with recycled aggregate did not show any difference in appearance compared to the sections that using natural aggregate. The tests gave the larger values of elastic modulus in the recycled aggregate sections. According to Regain (2001), footway paving slabs are being replaced gradually in London Borough of Bexley. Recycled aggregate are used as coarse aggregate in the concrete mix with a 12:1 aggregate to cement mix Advantages There are many advantages through using the recycled aggregate. The advantages that occur through usage of recycled aggregate are listed below. Environmental Gain The major advantage is based on the environmental gain. According to CSIRO (n.d.), construction and demolition waste makes up to around 40% of the total waste each year (estimate around 14 million tones) going to land fill. Through recycled these material, it can keep diminishing the resources of urban aggregated. Therefore, natural aggregate can be used in higher –grade applications. Save Energy The recycling process can be done on site. According to Kajima Technical Research Institute (2002), Kajima is developing a method of recycling crushed concrete that used in the construction, known as the Within-Site Recycling System. Everything can be done on the construction site through this system, from the process of recycled aggregate, manufacture and use them. This can save energy to transport the recycled materials to the recycling plants. Cost Secondly is based on the cost. The cost of recycled aggregate is cheaper than virgin aggregate. According to PATH Technology Inventory (n.d.), the costs of recycled concrete aggregate are sold around $3.50 to $7.00 per cubic yard. It depends on the aggregate size limitation and local availability. This is just around one and half of the cost for natural aggregate that used in the construction works. The transportation cost for the recycled aggregate is reduced due to the weight of recycled aggregate is lighter than virgin aggregate. Concrete Network (n.d) stated that recycling concrete from the demolition projects can saves the costs of transporting the concrete to the land fill (around $0.25 per ton/ mile), and the cost of disposal (around $100 per ton). Beside that, Aggregate Advisory Service (n.d.) also state that the recycling site may accept the segregates materials at lower cost than landfill without tax levy and recycled aggregate can be used at lower prices than primary aggregate in the construction works. Job Opportunities There will be many people involved in this new technology, such as specialized and skilled persons, general workers, drivers and etc. According to Scottish Executive (2004), a Scottish Market Development Program is developed. The purpose of this program is to recycle the materials that arising in Scotland. This program will provide 150 new jobs in the Scottish industry. Sustainability The amount of waste materials used for landfill will be reducing through usage of recycled aggregate. This will reduce the amount of quarrying. Therefore this will extend the lives of natural resources and also extend the lives of sites that using for landfill. Market is Wide The markets for recycled concrete aggregate are wide. According to Environmental Council of Concrete Organization (n.d), recycled concrete aggregate can be used for sidewalk, curbs, bridge substructures and superstructures, concrete shoulders, residential driveways, general and structural fill. It also mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate can be used in sub bases and support layers such as unstabilized base and permeable bases. Disadvantages Although there are many advantages by using recycled aggregate. But there are still some disadvantages in recycled aggregate. Hard to have permit Jacobsen (1999) stated that it is hard to get the permit for the machinery that needed air permit or permit to operate during the recycling process. These has to depend on the local or state regulations whether this technology is implemented or not. Lack of Specification and Guidelines According to Kawano (n.d), there is no specification or any guideline when using recycled concrete aggregate in the constructions. In many cases, the strength characteristic will not meet the requirement when using recycled concrete aggregate. Therefore, more testing should be considered when using recycled concrete aggregate. Water Pollution The recycled process will cause water pollution. Morris of National Ready Mix Concrete Association (n.d) had mentioned that the wash out water with the high pH is a serious environmental issue. According to Building Green (1993), the alkalinity level of wash water from the recycling plants is pH12. This water is toxic to the fish and other aquatic life. Project Aim The aim for this on – going project is to determine the strength characteristic of recycled aggregate for application in high strength structural concrete, which will give a better understanding on the properties of concrete with recycled aggregate, where can be an alternative material to coarse aggregate in structural concrete. Project Scope Review and research of recycled aggregate. Construct the concrete specimens by using different percentage of recycled aggregate. Investigation and laboratory testing on high strength concrete with recycled aggregate. Analysis the results and recommendation for further research area. Dissertation Overview This dissertation is structured in the following format. Chapter 2 provides a review of relevant literature, overview of recycling process, as well as comparison of recycled aggregate and natural aggregate. This chapter also discussed the previous investigation and testing done with recycled aggregate. Chapter 3 includes the preliminary design and information on the recycled  aggregate testing and design of the concrete mix. Chapter 4 describes the experimental methodology carried out in order to obtain the required data. Chapter 5 discusses the results and analysis of all experimental results obtained from the testing procedures. Chapter 6 contains the conclusions of the research and recommendations on further work. Literature review of Recycled Aggregate Literature review of Recycled Aggregate Conventional concrete aggregate consists of sand (fine aggregate) and various sizes and shapes of gravel or stones. However, there is a growing interest in substituting alternative aggregate materials, largely as a potential use for recycled materials. While there is significant research on many different materials for aggregate substitutes (such as granulated coal ash, blast furnace slag or various solid wastes including fiberglass waste materials, granulated plastics, paper and wood products / wastes, sintered sludge pellets and others), the only two that have been significantly applied are glass cullet and crushed recycled concrete itself. Even though aggregate typically accounts for 70% to 80% of the concrete volume, it is commonly thought of as inert filler having little effect on the finished concrete properties. However, research has shown that aggregate in fact plays a substantial role in determining workability, strength, dimensional stability, and durability of the concrete. Also, aggregates can have a significant effect on the cost of the concrete mixture. Certain aggregate parameters are known to be important for engineered-use concrete: hardness, strength, and durability. The aggregate must be clean, without absorbed chemicals, clay coatings, and other fine materials in concentrations that could alter the hydration and bond of the cement paste. It is important to note the difference between aggregate and cement, because some materials have found use both as a cementitious material and as aggregate (such as certain blast furnace slags). Materials that have been researched or applied only as cement substitutes are addressed in another Technology Inventory article Cement Substitutes. Aggregate composed of recycled concrete generally has a lower specific gravity and a higher absorption than conventional gravel aggregate. New concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate typically has good workability, durability and resistance to saturated freeze-thaw action. The compressive strength varies with the compressive strength of the original concrete and the water-cement ratio of the new concrete. It has been found that concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate has at least two-thirds the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of natural aggregate concrete. Field-testing has shown that crushed and screened waste glass may be used as a sand substitute in concrete. Nearly all waste glass can be used in concrete applications, including glass that is unsuitable for uses such as glass bottle recycling. Some of the specific glass waste materials that have found use as fine aggregate are non-recyclable clear window glass and fluorescent bulbs with very small amounts of contaminants. Possible applications for such waste-glass concrete are bike paths, footpaths, gutters and similar non-structural work. Lack of widespread reliable data on aggregate substitutes can hinder its use. To design consistent, durable recycled aggregate concrete, more testing is required to account for variations in the aggregate properties. Also, recycled aggregate generally has a higher absorption and a lower specific gravity than conventional aggregate. Research has revealed that the 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths of recycled aggregate concrete are generally lower than values for conventional concrete. Moreover, recycled aggregates may be contaminated with residual quantities of sulfate from contact with sulfate rich soil and chloride ions from marine exposure. Glass aggregate in concrete can be problematic due to the alkali silica reaction between the cement paste and the glass aggregate, which over time can lead to weakened concrete and decreased long-term durability. Research has been done on types of glass and other additives to stop or decrease the alkali silica reaction and thereby maintain finished concrete strength. However, further research is still needed before glass cullet can be used in structural concrete applications. The applications of recycled aggregate in highway construction as a road base material are very board and have been in use for almost 100 years. There has been much research based on the use of recycled aggregate that has been carried out all around the world. The research on recycled aggregate that has been carried out indicated that the successful application of crushed aggregate in concrete can be achieved. This successful research has been achieved in many countries, in particular in Europe; United States; Japan and China. This chapter presents literature reviews on the effects of various factors on the recycled aggregate from research from those countries. The major objective of most of the experiments or research on recycled aggregate is to find out the results in the strength characteristic area and what is the best method to achieve high strength concrete with recycled aggregate. Strengths of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Made Using Field- Demolished Concrete as Aggregate Tavakoli M. (1996) studied the compressive; splitting tensile and flexural strengths of 100% recycled coarse aggregate concrete and 100% natural sand to compare them with normal concrete made of natural crushed stone. The water-cement ratio was 0.3 and 0.4 in the concrete mix design. The test result shows the compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of RCA are little higher than the natural aggregate at the same size of 25.4mm at 28-day specimen. This indicates that if the compressive strength of the original concrete that is being recycled is higher than that of the control concrete, then the recycled aggregate concrete can also be made to achieve higher compressive strength than the control concrete. The results also indicates increase L.A. abrasion loss and water absorption capacity of recycled aggregates, which partly reflect the increased amount of water, adhering to the original stone aggregate, generally lead to reduced compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. Dhir et al. (1998) studied the effect of the cleanliness and percentage of the replacement of RCA. They found out that the degree of cleanliness of aggregate has significantly affected on the results of the properties of both the plastic and hardened concrete. The workability and compressive strengths both were lower than the quarried aggregate from 17% to 78% depending on the percentage of replacement of RCA. The results also indicated recycled aggregate has very high air content. Limbachiya and Leelawat (2000) found that recycled concrete aggregate had 7 to 9% lower relative density and 2 times higher water absorption than natural aggregate. According to their test results, it shown that there was no effect with the replacement of 30% coarse recycled concrete aggregate used on the ceiling strength of concrete. It also mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate could be used in high strength concrete mixes with the recycled concrete aggregate content in the concrete. Sagoe, Brown and Taylor (2002) stated that the difference between the characteristic of fresh and hardened recycled aggregate concrete and natural aggregate concrete is relatively narrower than reported for laboratory crush recycled aggregate concrete mixes. There was no difference at the 5% significance level in concrete compressive and tensile strength of recycled concrete and control normal concrete made from natural aggregate. Limbachiya (2003) found that there is no effect by using up to 30% of coarse recycled concrete aggregate on the standard 100mm concrete cube compressive strength. But when the percentage of recycled concrete aggregate used increased, the compressive strength was reducing. Behavior of Construction and Demolition Debris in Base and Subbase Application Pappjr et al (1998) studied using recycled aggregates in Base and Subbase applications. They found that recycled concrete yielded higher resilient modulus than the dense graded aggregate currently used. Furthermore, the results have been shown that recycled concrete have less permanent deformation than dense graded aggregate. They concluded that recycled concrete could be a valuable alternative to natural materials for base and subbase applications. Influence of recycled aggregate quality on concrete properties Sanchez de Juan et al. (2000) studied what is the maximum percentage, from 20% to 100%, replacement of recycled aggregate in concrete. The results showed that the compressive strength of recycled concrete is lower than that of a control concrete with equal water/cement ratio and same cement content. Recycled concretes with a percentage of recycled coarse aggregate lower than 50% show decreases in the range 5-10%, while for concretes with 100% recycled aggregates, decreases ranged from 10-15%. Experimental results also indicated that properties of conventional concretes and recycled concretes with same compressive strength when less than 20% of recycled coarse aggregate are used. The exception being modulus of elasticity was decreased until 10% can be found in recycled concretes. When the percentage of recycled aggregate is lower than 50%, tensile strength and drying shrinkage of recycled concrete is similar to conventional concrete with same compressive strength. As a result of the testing, all properties of concrete with a 100% of recycled coarse aggregate are affected. Some studies on durability of recycled aggregate concrete Mandal et al. (2002) studied the durability of recycled aggregate concrete and found that recycled aggregate had less durability than natural aggregate. However, when 10 percent replacement of cement by fly ash was used with recycled aggregate, the durability observed was increased. It significantly improved the compressive strength up to 46.5MPa, reduced shrinkage and increased durability to a level comparable to natural aggregate. Therefore, the results of this study provide a strong support for the feasibility of using recycled aggregate instead of natural aggregate for the production of concrete. Use of recycled aggregates in molded concrete bricks and Blocks Poon et al. (2002) developed a technique to produce concrete bricks and paving blocks from recycled aggregates. The test result showed that replacing natural aggregate by 25% to 50% had little effect on the compressive strength, but higher levels of replacement reduced the compressive strength. The transverse strength increased as the percentage of recycled aggregate increased. The concrete paving blocks with a 28-day compressive strength of at least 49MPa can be produced without the incorporation of fly ash by using up to 100% recycled aggregate. According to the study, recycled aggregate has been used in structural engineering. For example, a viaduct and marine loch in the Netherlands in 1998 and an office building in England in 1999. The project in the Netherlands had shown that 20 percent of the coarse aggregate was replaced by recycled aggregate. The project also indicated even there are some disadvantage of recycled aggregate such as being too weak, more porous and that it has a very higher value of water absorption. However, the study showed that these weaknesses could be avoided by using mechanized moulded concrete bricks. The workability also could be improved by poring the mix into the mould. Therefore, the performance of the bricks and blocks was also satisfactory in the shrinkage and skid resistance tests. Concrete with Recycled materials as Coarse Aggregates: Shrinkage and Creep Behavior Tawrwe et al. (1999) compared limestone aggregate with concrete rubble. They found the concrete rubble had a very high water absorption compared to the limestone aggregate (0.74% against 6.83% of dry mass). Furthermore the porous aggregate absorbed water slowly in some tests. For example, it was difficult to determine accurately the amount of water that had to be added to obtain suitable workability. The critical shrinkage of the limestone aggregate concrete was higher than the concrete rubble, but after a year the shrinkage was greater for the concrete rubble based aggregate. Treatments for the improvement of recycled aggregate Katz (2004) stated two methods to improve the quality of the recycled aggregates. The superplasticizer (1% weight of silica fume) was added to the solution of 10L of water and 1 kg raw silica fume to ensure proper ispersion of silica fume particles. After the silica fume impregnation, the SF treatment seems to improve significantly the compressive strength up to 51MPa at ranged from 23% to 33% at 7 days of the recycled aggregate concrete. Ultrasonic cleaning of the recycled aggregate to remove the loose particles and improve the bond between the new cement paste and the recycled aggregate, which, in turn, increased 7% of strength. Kantawong and Laksana (1998) mentioned that the fineness modulus and percentage of water absorption used instead with the recycled aggregate is higher than natural aggregate. The results of compressive strength of added reduce water admixture concrete is higher than the one that not added reduce water admixture concrete, ane the compressive strength of concrete produced that using recycled aggregate is higher than concrete using natural coarse aggregate. Sawamoto and Takehino (2000) found that the strength of the recycled aggregate concrete can be increased by using Pozzolanic material that can absorb the water. Mandal (2002) stated that adjusted the water/cement ratio when using recycled concrete aggregate during the concrete mixing can improved the strength of the recycled aggregate concrete specimens. From the obtained result, recycled aggregate concrete specimens had the same engineering and durability performance when compared to the concrete specimens made by natural aggregate within 28days design strength. Chen and Kuan (2003) found that the strength of the concrete specimens was affected by the unwashed recycled aggregate in the concrete. The effect will more strange at the low water cement ratio. These effects can be improved by using the washed recycled aggregate. Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Reuse as Aggregate in Concrete Production Limbachiya (2004) studied the properties of recycled aggregate compared with natural aggregates and found out the density of RCA is typically 4-8% lower and water absorption 2-6 times higher. The results showed that a reduction in slump value with increasing RCA concrete mix. The results also slowed that up to 30% coarse RCA has no effect on the standard concrete cube strength but thereafter a gradual reduction with increasing RCA content occurs. This means that some adjustment is necessary of the water/cement ratio to achieve the equivalent strength with high proportions of RCA. Review on Recycled Process This section discusses the recycling process and method. Recycling Plant Recycling plant normally located in the suburbs of cities due to the noise pollution that make by t Natural Recycling of Aggregate Natural Recycling of Aggregate Introduction For many years peoples have been trying to keep the environmental clean and mention the natural balance of life. The scientific studies provide us the information and methods to achieve these objectives and the recycling of waste and by product materials represent the main role in these studies [1-4]. As a result of reconstruction of existing buildings and pavements, wars and natural disasters such as earthquakes the amount of construction and demolition materials are increasing every year. At the same time approval of additional facilities for waste disposal or treatment are become more difficult to obtain. Furthermore increasing restrictive environmental regulations have made waste disposal more difficult and expensive. Also the available natural aggregate in some countries decreases and may be become insufficient for the construction projects in these countries in the future [5]. So, the reuse of construction and demolition materials in construction has benefits not only in reducing the amount of materials requiring disposal but also can provide construction materials with significant saving of the original materials. According to the third Building Waste Monitoring Report [6], there is an increase in the recorded amount of building waste in the sectors of the building debris, road scarification and building site waste. It has arisen in Germany by 11.5 million tons, from 77.1 million tons in the period 1997/1998 to 88.6 million tons in the period 1999/2000. According to Rahlwes and Schmidt [7, 8], for concrete only, the annual crushed concrete quantity in west Germany only is about 30 million tones and in the European Union is approximately 130 million ton. Due to intensive building activities in the last decades, these amounts are expected to considerably increase after the year 2000. The properties of recycled coarse aggregate with a grain size above 4 mm and its reuse in concrete production and pavements construction have been evaluated and described in many. It has been estimated that approximately 50 million tons of concrete are currently demolished each year in the European Economic Communities [1], Equivalent figures are 60 million tons in the United States ([2], [3]), and in Japan [12] the total quantity of concrete debris available for recycling on some scale is about 10 to 12 million tons. Very little demolished concrete is currently recycled or reused anywhere in the world. The small quantity which is recovered is mainly reused as unstabilized base or subbase in highway construction. The rest is dumped or disposed of as fill. For Environmental and other reasons the number of readily accessible disposal sites around major cities in the world has decreased in recent years. Both disposals volume and maximum sizes of wastes have been restricted. In Japan disposal charges from USD 3 to 10 per ton are not uncommon. Moreover, distances between demolition sites and disposal areas have become larger and transportation costs higher. At the same time critical shortages of good natural aggregate is developing in many urban areas, and distances between deposits of natural material and sites of new construction have grown larger, and transportation costs have become correspondingly higher, It is estimated that between now and year 2,000, three times more demolished concrete will be generated each year than is today. For these reasons it can be foreseen that demolition contractors will come under considerable economic and other pressure to process demolished concrete for reuse as unscreened gravel, base and subbase materials, aggregates for production of new concrete or for other useful purposes. Large-scale recycling of demolished concrete will contribute not only to the solution of a growing waste disposal problem. It will also help to conserve natural resources of sand and gravel and to secure future supply of reasonably priced aggregates for building and road construction purposes within large urban areas of the world. Applications of Recycled Aggregate The recycled concrete aggregate shown in Figure 1.1 can be defined as crushed concrete composed of aggregate fragments coated with cement paste or cement mortar from the demolition of the old structures or pavements that has been processed to produce aggregates suitable for use in new concrete. The processing, as with many natural aggregates, generally involves crushing, grading and washing. This removes contaminant materials such as reinforcing steel, remnants of formwork, gypsum board, and other foreign materials. The resulting coarse aggregate is then suitable for use in concrete. The fine aggregate, however, generally contains a considerable amount of old cement paste and mortar. This tends to increase the drying shrinkage and creep properties of the new concrete, as well as leading to problems with unworkable mix and strength. Therefore, many transportation departments have found that using 100% coarse recycled aggregate but with only about 10% to 20% recycled fines works well. Regarding the results of most of the previous research that has been done so far, the application of Recycled Aggregate is mostly currently in low quality/strength concrete, for example, pavement base and slab rather than used in structural concrete. The most common application of Recycled Concrete Aggregate is the use in concrete sub-base in road construction, bank protection, noise barriers and embankments, many types of general bulk fills and fill materials for drainage structures. After the removal of contaminants through selective demolition, screening, and/or air separation and size reduction in a crusher to aggregate sizes, crushed concrete can be used as new concrete for pavements, shoulders, median barriers, sidewalks, curbs and gutters, and bridge foundations; structural grade concrete; soil-cement pavement bases; moulded concrete bricks and blocks; bituminous concrete etc. However, there is an example of recycled concrete being used for part of the structural slabs in a high-rise building in Japan but there was no too much detail available on this project. According to research that has been conducted in Australia, current use of recycled aggregates is still only around 7% of road construction material in South Australia. Victoria Road also use recycled aggregate for their road base construction projects in Victoria but MainRoads in Queensland does not currently. Traditionally, the application of recycled aggregate is used as landfill. Nowadays, the applications of recycled aggregate in construction areas are wide. The applications are different from country to country. Concrete Kerb and Gutter Mix Recycled aggregate have been used as concrete kerb and gutter mix in Australia. According to Building Innovation Construction Technology (1999), Stone says that the 10mm recycled aggregate and blended recycled sand are used for concrete kerb and gutter mix in the Lent hall Street project in Sydney. Granular Base Course Materials According to Market Development Study for Recycled Aggregate Products (2001), recycled aggregate are used as granular base course in the road construction. It also stated that recycled aggregate had proved that better than natural aggregate when used as granular base course in roads construction. They also found that when the road is built on the wet sub grade areas, recycled aggregate will stabilize the base and provide an improved working surface for pavement structure construction. Embankment Fill Materials Market Development Study for Recycled Aggregate Products (2001) stated that recycled aggregate can be used in embankment fill. The reason for being able to use in embankment fill is same as it is used in granular base course construction. The embankment site is on the wet sub grade areas. Recycled aggregate can stabilize the base and provide an improved working surface for the remaining works. Paving Blocks Recycled aggregate have been used as paving blocks in Hong Kong. According to Hong Kong Housing Department (n.d.), recycled aggregate are used as typical paving blocks. A trial project had been started to test the long – term performance of paving blocks made with recycled aggregate in 2002. Backfill Materials Recycled aggregate can be used as backfill materials. Mehus and Lillestol (n.d) found that Norwegian Building Research Institute (n.d) mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate can be used as backfill materials in the pipe zone along trenches after having testing in laboratory. Building Blocks Recycled aggregate used as building blocks. Mehus and Lillestol (n.d) stated that Optiroc AS had used recycled aggregate to produce the masonry sound insulation blocks. The masonry sound insulation blocks that produced had met all the requirements during the laboratory testing. International Status Mehus and Lillestol (n.d.) stated that RESIBA had constructed a new high school in Sorumsand, outside the city of Oslo, Norway in 2001. Recycled concrete aggregate had been used in this project. Thirty – five percent of coarse aggregate were replaced by recycled concrete aggregate in the foundations, half of the basement walls and columns. Several tests were conducted based on fresh and hardened concrete properties and the results shown that the concrete with thirty – five percent of recycled concrete aggregate have good freeze – thaw resistance. The use of recycled concrete aggregate did not shown any noticeable increase in cracking. According to Grubl, Nealen and Schmidt (n.d.), there is a building project, the â€Å"Waldspirale† by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, made from concrete with recycled aggregate in Darmstadf from November 1998 to September 1999. Numerous tests were evaluated for freshly missed and also hardened concrete properties. The result shown that the consistency controlled method for concrete with recycled aggregate is applicable. And it leads to concrete of equal quality when compared with concrete made from natural aggregate. According to Regain (1993/94), recycled aggregate were used as capping and sub-base layers in housing development at North Bracknell, UK in 1993/94. Visual inspections and condition surveys were carried out by using the falling weight deflectometer in 1998. The result shown that the sections with recycled aggregate did not show any difference in appearance compared to the sections that using natural aggregate. The tests gave the larger values of elastic modulus in the recycled aggregate sections. According to Regain (2001), footway paving slabs are being replaced gradually in London Borough of Bexley. Recycled aggregate are used as coarse aggregate in the concrete mix with a 12:1 aggregate to cement mix Advantages There are many advantages through using the recycled aggregate. The advantages that occur through usage of recycled aggregate are listed below. Environmental Gain The major advantage is based on the environmental gain. According to CSIRO (n.d.), construction and demolition waste makes up to around 40% of the total waste each year (estimate around 14 million tones) going to land fill. Through recycled these material, it can keep diminishing the resources of urban aggregated. Therefore, natural aggregate can be used in higher –grade applications. Save Energy The recycling process can be done on site. According to Kajima Technical Research Institute (2002), Kajima is developing a method of recycling crushed concrete that used in the construction, known as the Within-Site Recycling System. Everything can be done on the construction site through this system, from the process of recycled aggregate, manufacture and use them. This can save energy to transport the recycled materials to the recycling plants. Cost Secondly is based on the cost. The cost of recycled aggregate is cheaper than virgin aggregate. According to PATH Technology Inventory (n.d.), the costs of recycled concrete aggregate are sold around $3.50 to $7.00 per cubic yard. It depends on the aggregate size limitation and local availability. This is just around one and half of the cost for natural aggregate that used in the construction works. The transportation cost for the recycled aggregate is reduced due to the weight of recycled aggregate is lighter than virgin aggregate. Concrete Network (n.d) stated that recycling concrete from the demolition projects can saves the costs of transporting the concrete to the land fill (around $0.25 per ton/ mile), and the cost of disposal (around $100 per ton). Beside that, Aggregate Advisory Service (n.d.) also state that the recycling site may accept the segregates materials at lower cost than landfill without tax levy and recycled aggregate can be used at lower prices than primary aggregate in the construction works. Job Opportunities There will be many people involved in this new technology, such as specialized and skilled persons, general workers, drivers and etc. According to Scottish Executive (2004), a Scottish Market Development Program is developed. The purpose of this program is to recycle the materials that arising in Scotland. This program will provide 150 new jobs in the Scottish industry. Sustainability The amount of waste materials used for landfill will be reducing through usage of recycled aggregate. This will reduce the amount of quarrying. Therefore this will extend the lives of natural resources and also extend the lives of sites that using for landfill. Market is Wide The markets for recycled concrete aggregate are wide. According to Environmental Council of Concrete Organization (n.d), recycled concrete aggregate can be used for sidewalk, curbs, bridge substructures and superstructures, concrete shoulders, residential driveways, general and structural fill. It also mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate can be used in sub bases and support layers such as unstabilized base and permeable bases. Disadvantages Although there are many advantages by using recycled aggregate. But there are still some disadvantages in recycled aggregate. Hard to have permit Jacobsen (1999) stated that it is hard to get the permit for the machinery that needed air permit or permit to operate during the recycling process. These has to depend on the local or state regulations whether this technology is implemented or not. Lack of Specification and Guidelines According to Kawano (n.d), there is no specification or any guideline when using recycled concrete aggregate in the constructions. In many cases, the strength characteristic will not meet the requirement when using recycled concrete aggregate. Therefore, more testing should be considered when using recycled concrete aggregate. Water Pollution The recycled process will cause water pollution. Morris of National Ready Mix Concrete Association (n.d) had mentioned that the wash out water with the high pH is a serious environmental issue. According to Building Green (1993), the alkalinity level of wash water from the recycling plants is pH12. This water is toxic to the fish and other aquatic life. Project Aim The aim for this on – going project is to determine the strength characteristic of recycled aggregate for application in high strength structural concrete, which will give a better understanding on the properties of concrete with recycled aggregate, where can be an alternative material to coarse aggregate in structural concrete. Project Scope Review and research of recycled aggregate. Construct the concrete specimens by using different percentage of recycled aggregate. Investigation and laboratory testing on high strength concrete with recycled aggregate. Analysis the results and recommendation for further research area. Dissertation Overview This dissertation is structured in the following format. Chapter 2 provides a review of relevant literature, overview of recycling process, as well as comparison of recycled aggregate and natural aggregate. This chapter also discussed the previous investigation and testing done with recycled aggregate. Chapter 3 includes the preliminary design and information on the recycled  aggregate testing and design of the concrete mix. Chapter 4 describes the experimental methodology carried out in order to obtain the required data. Chapter 5 discusses the results and analysis of all experimental results obtained from the testing procedures. Chapter 6 contains the conclusions of the research and recommendations on further work. Literature review of Recycled Aggregate Literature review of Recycled Aggregate Conventional concrete aggregate consists of sand (fine aggregate) and various sizes and shapes of gravel or stones. However, there is a growing interest in substituting alternative aggregate materials, largely as a potential use for recycled materials. While there is significant research on many different materials for aggregate substitutes (such as granulated coal ash, blast furnace slag or various solid wastes including fiberglass waste materials, granulated plastics, paper and wood products / wastes, sintered sludge pellets and others), the only two that have been significantly applied are glass cullet and crushed recycled concrete itself. Even though aggregate typically accounts for 70% to 80% of the concrete volume, it is commonly thought of as inert filler having little effect on the finished concrete properties. However, research has shown that aggregate in fact plays a substantial role in determining workability, strength, dimensional stability, and durability of the concrete. Also, aggregates can have a significant effect on the cost of the concrete mixture. Certain aggregate parameters are known to be important for engineered-use concrete: hardness, strength, and durability. The aggregate must be clean, without absorbed chemicals, clay coatings, and other fine materials in concentrations that could alter the hydration and bond of the cement paste. It is important to note the difference between aggregate and cement, because some materials have found use both as a cementitious material and as aggregate (such as certain blast furnace slags). Materials that have been researched or applied only as cement substitutes are addressed in another Technology Inventory article Cement Substitutes. Aggregate composed of recycled concrete generally has a lower specific gravity and a higher absorption than conventional gravel aggregate. New concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate typically has good workability, durability and resistance to saturated freeze-thaw action. The compressive strength varies with the compressive strength of the original concrete and the water-cement ratio of the new concrete. It has been found that concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate has at least two-thirds the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of natural aggregate concrete. Field-testing has shown that crushed and screened waste glass may be used as a sand substitute in concrete. Nearly all waste glass can be used in concrete applications, including glass that is unsuitable for uses such as glass bottle recycling. Some of the specific glass waste materials that have found use as fine aggregate are non-recyclable clear window glass and fluorescent bulbs with very small amounts of contaminants. Possible applications for such waste-glass concrete are bike paths, footpaths, gutters and similar non-structural work. Lack of widespread reliable data on aggregate substitutes can hinder its use. To design consistent, durable recycled aggregate concrete, more testing is required to account for variations in the aggregate properties. Also, recycled aggregate generally has a higher absorption and a lower specific gravity than conventional aggregate. Research has revealed that the 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths of recycled aggregate concrete are generally lower than values for conventional concrete. Moreover, recycled aggregates may be contaminated with residual quantities of sulfate from contact with sulfate rich soil and chloride ions from marine exposure. Glass aggregate in concrete can be problematic due to the alkali silica reaction between the cement paste and the glass aggregate, which over time can lead to weakened concrete and decreased long-term durability. Research has been done on types of glass and other additives to stop or decrease the alkali silica reaction and thereby maintain finished concrete strength. However, further research is still needed before glass cullet can be used in structural concrete applications. The applications of recycled aggregate in highway construction as a road base material are very board and have been in use for almost 100 years. There has been much research based on the use of recycled aggregate that has been carried out all around the world. The research on recycled aggregate that has been carried out indicated that the successful application of crushed aggregate in concrete can be achieved. This successful research has been achieved in many countries, in particular in Europe; United States; Japan and China. This chapter presents literature reviews on the effects of various factors on the recycled aggregate from research from those countries. The major objective of most of the experiments or research on recycled aggregate is to find out the results in the strength characteristic area and what is the best method to achieve high strength concrete with recycled aggregate. Strengths of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Made Using Field- Demolished Concrete as Aggregate Tavakoli M. (1996) studied the compressive; splitting tensile and flexural strengths of 100% recycled coarse aggregate concrete and 100% natural sand to compare them with normal concrete made of natural crushed stone. The water-cement ratio was 0.3 and 0.4 in the concrete mix design. The test result shows the compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of RCA are little higher than the natural aggregate at the same size of 25.4mm at 28-day specimen. This indicates that if the compressive strength of the original concrete that is being recycled is higher than that of the control concrete, then the recycled aggregate concrete can also be made to achieve higher compressive strength than the control concrete. The results also indicates increase L.A. abrasion loss and water absorption capacity of recycled aggregates, which partly reflect the increased amount of water, adhering to the original stone aggregate, generally lead to reduced compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. Dhir et al. (1998) studied the effect of the cleanliness and percentage of the replacement of RCA. They found out that the degree of cleanliness of aggregate has significantly affected on the results of the properties of both the plastic and hardened concrete. The workability and compressive strengths both were lower than the quarried aggregate from 17% to 78% depending on the percentage of replacement of RCA. The results also indicated recycled aggregate has very high air content. Limbachiya and Leelawat (2000) found that recycled concrete aggregate had 7 to 9% lower relative density and 2 times higher water absorption than natural aggregate. According to their test results, it shown that there was no effect with the replacement of 30% coarse recycled concrete aggregate used on the ceiling strength of concrete. It also mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate could be used in high strength concrete mixes with the recycled concrete aggregate content in the concrete. Sagoe, Brown and Taylor (2002) stated that the difference between the characteristic of fresh and hardened recycled aggregate concrete and natural aggregate concrete is relatively narrower than reported for laboratory crush recycled aggregate concrete mixes. There was no difference at the 5% significance level in concrete compressive and tensile strength of recycled concrete and control normal concrete made from natural aggregate. Limbachiya (2003) found that there is no effect by using up to 30% of coarse recycled concrete aggregate on the standard 100mm concrete cube compressive strength. But when the percentage of recycled concrete aggregate used increased, the compressive strength was reducing. Behavior of Construction and Demolition Debris in Base and Subbase Application Pappjr et al (1998) studied using recycled aggregates in Base and Subbase applications. They found that recycled concrete yielded higher resilient modulus than the dense graded aggregate currently used. Furthermore, the results have been shown that recycled concrete have less permanent deformation than dense graded aggregate. They concluded that recycled concrete could be a valuable alternative to natural materials for base and subbase applications. Influence of recycled aggregate quality on concrete properties Sanchez de Juan et al. (2000) studied what is the maximum percentage, from 20% to 100%, replacement of recycled aggregate in concrete. The results showed that the compressive strength of recycled concrete is lower than that of a control concrete with equal water/cement ratio and same cement content. Recycled concretes with a percentage of recycled coarse aggregate lower than 50% show decreases in the range 5-10%, while for concretes with 100% recycled aggregates, decreases ranged from 10-15%. Experimental results also indicated that properties of conventional concretes and recycled concretes with same compressive strength when less than 20% of recycled coarse aggregate are used. The exception being modulus of elasticity was decreased until 10% can be found in recycled concretes. When the percentage of recycled aggregate is lower than 50%, tensile strength and drying shrinkage of recycled concrete is similar to conventional concrete with same compressive strength. As a result of the testing, all properties of concrete with a 100% of recycled coarse aggregate are affected. Some studies on durability of recycled aggregate concrete Mandal et al. (2002) studied the durability of recycled aggregate concrete and found that recycled aggregate had less durability than natural aggregate. However, when 10 percent replacement of cement by fly ash was used with recycled aggregate, the durability observed was increased. It significantly improved the compressive strength up to 46.5MPa, reduced shrinkage and increased durability to a level comparable to natural aggregate. Therefore, the results of this study provide a strong support for the feasibility of using recycled aggregate instead of natural aggregate for the production of concrete. Use of recycled aggregates in molded concrete bricks and Blocks Poon et al. (2002) developed a technique to produce concrete bricks and paving blocks from recycled aggregates. The test result showed that replacing natural aggregate by 25% to 50% had little effect on the compressive strength, but higher levels of replacement reduced the compressive strength. The transverse strength increased as the percentage of recycled aggregate increased. The concrete paving blocks with a 28-day compressive strength of at least 49MPa can be produced without the incorporation of fly ash by using up to 100% recycled aggregate. According to the study, recycled aggregate has been used in structural engineering. For example, a viaduct and marine loch in the Netherlands in 1998 and an office building in England in 1999. The project in the Netherlands had shown that 20 percent of the coarse aggregate was replaced by recycled aggregate. The project also indicated even there are some disadvantage of recycled aggregate such as being too weak, more porous and that it has a very higher value of water absorption. However, the study showed that these weaknesses could be avoided by using mechanized moulded concrete bricks. The workability also could be improved by poring the mix into the mould. Therefore, the performance of the bricks and blocks was also satisfactory in the shrinkage and skid resistance tests. Concrete with Recycled materials as Coarse Aggregates: Shrinkage and Creep Behavior Tawrwe et al. (1999) compared limestone aggregate with concrete rubble. They found the concrete rubble had a very high water absorption compared to the limestone aggregate (0.74% against 6.83% of dry mass). Furthermore the porous aggregate absorbed water slowly in some tests. For example, it was difficult to determine accurately the amount of water that had to be added to obtain suitable workability. The critical shrinkage of the limestone aggregate concrete was higher than the concrete rubble, but after a year the shrinkage was greater for the concrete rubble based aggregate. Treatments for the improvement of recycled aggregate Katz (2004) stated two methods to improve the quality of the recycled aggregates. The superplasticizer (1% weight of silica fume) was added to the solution of 10L of water and 1 kg raw silica fume to ensure proper ispersion of silica fume particles. After the silica fume impregnation, the SF treatment seems to improve significantly the compressive strength up to 51MPa at ranged from 23% to 33% at 7 days of the recycled aggregate concrete. Ultrasonic cleaning of the recycled aggregate to remove the loose particles and improve the bond between the new cement paste and the recycled aggregate, which, in turn, increased 7% of strength. Kantawong and Laksana (1998) mentioned that the fineness modulus and percentage of water absorption used instead with the recycled aggregate is higher than natural aggregate. The results of compressive strength of added reduce water admixture concrete is higher than the one that not added reduce water admixture concrete, ane the compressive strength of concrete produced that using recycled aggregate is higher than concrete using natural coarse aggregate. Sawamoto and Takehino (2000) found that the strength of the recycled aggregate concrete can be increased by using Pozzolanic material that can absorb the water. Mandal (2002) stated that adjusted the water/cement ratio when using recycled concrete aggregate during the concrete mixing can improved the strength of the recycled aggregate concrete specimens. From the obtained result, recycled aggregate concrete specimens had the same engineering and durability performance when compared to the concrete specimens made by natural aggregate within 28days design strength. Chen and Kuan (2003) found that the strength of the concrete specimens was affected by the unwashed recycled aggregate in the concrete. The effect will more strange at the low water cement ratio. These effects can be improved by using the washed recycled aggregate. Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Reuse as Aggregate in Concrete Production Limbachiya (2004) studied the properties of recycled aggregate compared with natural aggregates and found out the density of RCA is typically 4-8% lower and water absorption 2-6 times higher. The results showed that a reduction in slump value with increasing RCA concrete mix. The results also slowed that up to 30% coarse RCA has no effect on the standard concrete cube strength but thereafter a gradual reduction with increasing RCA content occurs. This means that some adjustment is necessary of the water/cement ratio to achieve the equivalent strength with high proportions of RCA. Review on Recycled Process This section discusses the recycling process and method. Recycling Plant Recycling plant normally located in the suburbs of cities due to the noise pollution that make by t